Impact of Religion on Politics

In my opinion, there is a need for citizens to pay a keen attention to the opinions of religious individuals and religious politicians as they vocalize them. My take is that not all religious politicians are radical. At least there are some who make sense. There is a need for the state to separate from the church. It is also worth noting that majority of the laws are founded on religious scriptures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Religion on Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Libertarians, how long a free society lasts is dependent on the will of the citizens to remain free. In my opinion, the constitution can be designed to promote termination of societal decay. However, people have to remain dedicated to freedom. My take is that a fair political structure is useful in ensuring a free society. However, a political structure is not the only ingredient (Johnstone 100). It is worth no ting that the effectiveness of a political structure is also dependent on the wider cultural and social perspective. In essence, culture is significant in ensuring a free society. According to Aelfred, religion is a powerful tool in shaping an evil or good culture. According to conservatives, a solid religious society is necessary for adherence to liberty ideals. Particularly, conservatives maintain that religion has two benefits. First, it is the basis for individual accountability and moral character, which ensures citizens who are self- reliant, disciplined, and straightforward. Such citizens have a concern for their neighbours, and a keen regard for government coercion. Second, religion provides God’s authority in the place of State authority. As such, religion acts as the measure for governmental aggrandizement (Johnstone 83). I suggest that a government composed of a free society should regularly ensure active measures, that strengthen and enhance religion. However, a s ociety where the nation’s strong-arm power promotes particular religious opinions is never free. Therefore, if religion has to be included in politics, it has to be on a voluntary basis. This is because coercion eliminates the aspect of freedom. It is worth emphasizing that religion has taken a significant place in politics. For instance, President Obama had to consent to particular religious rules before becoming the president. For example, irrespective of his stand on abortion, he had to consent that federal funds would not be directed towards abortion. My take is that if true believers are involved intimately in politics, risks are likely to arise. The Americans had to embrace a novel mandate during the presidential election. There has been a historic association between ideology and politics (Johnstone 140). According to me, the Catholic Church has been participating actively in politics. This has persuaded citizens and politicians to comply to ideological platforms, that are more holy. To me, this is a wrong move, since the rights of democracy are eroded.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is worth emphasizing that it is difficult to make a clear distinction between the government and religion. In addition, the church has always had a natural influence and concern in political issues. When America considered amending the Constitution, the Bills of Rights had it that the law will respect religion. Conservative Christians draw their rules from the Bible, while secular progressives depend on human wisdom. In essence, religion should play a role in politics. In the absence of control from religion, governments and states would become extremely rotten. Religion should act as the control. Religious Fundamentalism Religious fundamentalism refers to an opinion or movement, whose main feature is rigid adherence to fundamental principles, strong secularism opposition, and intolerance to alternative views. The movement arose from the United States during the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century, and it is exceptionally organized. The movement strongly opposes secularism and Protestant Liberalism, and emphasizes that the Scripture is inerrant (Johnstone 234). In the US, the term religious fundamentalism was used to define a Protestant community that practised fundamental values. It is worth noting that these fundamental values were against the modern values. According to the group, it was imperative to go by what the Bible said. The Bible, therefore, was the foundation of their faith. In my opinion, religious fundamentalism has been extremely prevalent in communities. Today, people who focus on religious fundamentalism regard it as the answer to the present society. My take is that societies have changed greatly, whereby it is extremely difficult to comprehend them. In addition, if the familia r things are transformed, people feel very insecure. Most times, people turn to religion to assess things that never change. In addition, they seek rules on living which remain constant. In essence, most people regard religion as the only thing that never transforms. In my opinion, when people regard religion in this manner, they also regard religious ideas as complete. As such, it is extremely impossible for them to transform. In my view, when people regard religion as absolute, this turns out as fundamentalism (Johnstone 12). Therefore, fundamentalism can be present in any religion. It is worth noting that sometimes, religious fundamentalists disregard this name because it has alternative meanings. The name is associated with negative opinions, which makes fundamentalists avoid it. Some of the negative opinions include disrespect for human rights, and that they are uneducated and unclever. Some people use the name Christian fundamentalists, since the name religious fundamentalists also include the Hindus and Muslims.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Religion on Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my opinion, religious fundamentalists may differ in the things they believe in. However, there are a number of issues in which solid beliefs are shared. It is worth emphasizing that these issues are the same in a wide array of religions. Some of the concerns include science, contraception, fornication, feminism, homosexuality, abortion, teaching students about religion in schools, and religion as the foundation of laws. All fundamentalists have a keen concern for sexual behaviour, particularly in regard to the opposition and fear of homosexuality. Moreover, they consent that there is a need to control female sexuality (Johnstone 40). A distinct and impassable boundary is necessary between the male and female. The order in patriarchal families controls sexuality. Women are assoc iated with particular roles. In Christian and Islamic writings, there is a concern that men might be led to become similar to women. Christian fundamentalists believe that authority and law are derived from God. Therefore, the law of God is greater than the law formulated by man. All religious fundamentalists believe in the Holy book and a single sincere religion, which should be protected from any form of secularism and opposition. Considering that there is a single true way, it is always under constant threat. As such, religious fundamentalists have a keen interest in protecting their way of life. Works Cited Johnstone, Ronald. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. New York: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. This essay on Impact of Religion on Politics was written and submitted by user Cedric Buchanan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effects Of the Plague essays

Effects Of the Plague essays In October 1347 several merchant ship returned to Sicily carrying more than just the usual goods. Aboard their ships was the plague. Several men were already infected with the plague and as soon as they stepped foot off the ship it spread like wildfire. Traveling through all of Europe the plague wiped out one third of Europes population in a mere five years. The plague did not disappear until the 1600s, even then people still feared the Black Death. With this epidemic also came change in every aspect of life. During the time of the plague people had no idea what to do. Some thought that barring their doors and staying away from all other people could protect them from the plague. Others thought that moving to the county, away from civilization, would protect them. None of these ideas worked unfortunately. People with the plague were left to die and people who didnt have the plague stayed away from all other people. This separation made living impossible, which caused the plague to flourish. When the worst was over and people started to come back together, things were not the same. People still feared the plague and were a little leery to return to normal living. Eventually, the survivors came out of their holes and tried to move on. One survivor of the Black Death was Geoffrey Chaucer. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales he writes of pilgrims who all take their place in society. Most, if not all, of the pilgrims were created or affected by some aspect of the plague. Each pilgrim to ld one story on the way to Canterbury. Their stories include such topics as the church, stratification, and business. Many religious leaders and churches believed that the plague was punishment for the sinful lives that the men and women of the time were leading. The clergy said to evade the plague you must ask for help from God and ask for forgiveness of your sins. However, the common people felt like the church had...

International Scholarship Candidates Selection Essay

International Scholarship Candidates Selection - Essay Example Further, RasGas may choose candidates who will fail to complete their chosen educational programs and create a sunk cost loss for RasGas. The use of an objective rating scale linked to organizational goals and future performance can limit these potential losses and increase the chances of securing productive employees post graduation. In order to create a winning proposition, one of the focus areas for RasGas is the 'development of its employees and the organisation', which can only be realized when the company is in a position to objectively rate the performances. Motivational factors arouse a need, propelling a person to channelise his efforts and energies in the direction of fulfilling those needs. These needs are aroused in the employee of an organization to increase the output, provide quality, increase efficiency, maintain industrial peace etc. An effective management must understand the fact that there are at least two ways by which the behavior of employees could be directed towards the productive pursuits in the organization. One is by changing the personality, i.e. the internal psychological structures of the person, which is a long-drawn and uncertain process. Another strategy is to modify the characteristics of the situation prevailing around the employees. These situational factors have tremendous influence in shaping one's personality. Providing suitable ambience and opportunities for career development and education hold the key in setting the process in motion. 2. Aim: To design a Success Predictability Scale for scholarship candidates Objectives: Analysis of the present policies of RasGas to encourage the talent. Analysis of the levels of motivation and urge for pursuing higher studies amongst the existing staff by conducting interviews and by observing them on the job. Analysis of the internal reports and other data about RasGas available in the public domain. Establishing a documentary link between scholarship awards and degree fields that supports the long-term goals and objectives of the organization. 3. Benefits to the Organization: The benefits to RasGas for using an objective success potential scale linked to organizational objectives for scholarship candidates are: Enhance the reward potential of opportunity costs associated with a scholarship candidate. Lower potential and actual economic losses associated with the scholarship program. Increase the chances of successful degree completion by scholarship candidates. Saving of as much as $500,000 US on candidates who are less likely to complete their assigned programs and make contributions to the organization that exceed the organization's investment in their education. Motivated employees, who in turn help the company more efficient and competitive. Motivation and encouragement leads to lesser attrition rates and turnover ratios, which in turn saves lots of costs associated with recruiting a team of new person time and time again. RasGas considers its workforce as one of its greatest assets and with people from over 36 different nationalities working together within the organisation, encouraging career development

What is Hegel's critique of Kant in Reason as Testing Laws Is Hegel Essay

What is Hegel's critique of Kant in Reason as Testing Laws Is Hegel fair to Kant - Essay Example For Kant the categorical imperative is important mainly because it "determines the will independently of the sensuous motives of which ordinary moral deliberation is suspect."2 Therefore for him there is a marked difference between acting honestly for ones own sake and acting honestly with the belief that truth is a "universal requirement" the latter of which relates to categorical imperative.3 For Kant duty requires more than the universal form of action and he brings out these ideas and notions of the categorical imperative which Kant claims are "merely so many formulations of precisely the same law."Also for him the categorical imperative contains an end which functions as the single limiting condition of moral action. 4 Thus in his book the Formula of the End, Kant says "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end" Kant goes on to clarify further that if humans are to be treated as "ends in themselves" then each individual should be allowed to choose their own ends at the same time. Furthermore he claims that misleading someone (by lying to them) for a particular Design is the way of using that other person as means rather than an end. Therefore the assertion not to treat humanity as a means but an end, i.e. when they choose to help you themselves. Hegel's criticism of Kant Hegel has made some interesting criticisms of the emptiness that seems to surround the Categorical Imperative when he says that "The criterion of law which Reason possesses within itself, fits every case equally well, and is thus in fact no criterion at all."5 However in the... What is Hegel's critique of Kant in "Reason as Testing Laws† Is Hegel fair to Kant? For Hegel this idea is fruitless in many respects as he thinks that even immoral behaviour would qualify under the test given by Kant' and that there no formulation of a universal set of duties .Thus Hegel's criticism of Kant largely concerns Kant's so called formalism as has been discussed by Julian. Before discussing Hegel's critique of Kant it would be useful to explain the ideas of Kant who expresses interest in the relationship between reason and experience. For Kant knowledge begins with experience in a rather chronological sense. For Kant empirical knowledge should be a "compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our faculty of cognition supplies from itself". And that reason should become the tool that isolates knowledge from everything empirical from it. Julian has pointed out that Hegel believes that Kant’s idea of a duty does not produce an â€Å"immanent list of duties;†. To be fair this is not one of Kant's objectives at all and it can be safely said that Hegel is missing the point of Kant’s claim, because devising such a list is not possible at all due to people’s differing notions of what morality or duties should be like.In this regard I would like to give the example of local conventions in certain areas. The notion of hospitality in Asian countries allows anyone to be welcome in another’s house and there is hardly any concept of â€Å"unauthorized entrance† as in the case of western countries.

Principles and Practice of Social Work - Theoretical Assignment Essay

Principles and Practice of Social Work - Theoretical Assignment - Essay Example On one hand, an individual’s activities have an effect on other people that interact with him or her, and in turn, the actions of others affect him; the total effect of their actions is evident in the society. On the other hand, society affects the individuals in it, expecting them to do according to its demands. By so doing, society ensures its survival by making its various components live together in harmony, and individuals build their society by interacting with each other constructively (Berberoglu 2005; Baert and Silva 2010). The role of a social worker is to use social work values, principles, and methods for counselling, helping a society or a community help itself or individuals in it; acting as the agent that maintains balance in society. For instance, a social worker would be involved in the provision and improvement of social, health, and legislative services. The principles of social work include, acceptance, affirming individuality, purposeful expression of feelings, non-judgementalism, objectivity, controlled emotional involvement, self-determination, and confidentiality. According to Ritzer and Goodman (2004), social work is the art and science of identifying conflicts in society analysing them, and using the various available theories on society to come up with possible solutions. However, the work of a social worker does not end at identifying and recommending solutions, it extends using the recommendations to solve the conflict at hand practically. Therefore, a social worker is an essential component of a society that acts as a bridge between the needs of an individual and those of the society, by ensuring that individual do not suffer in silence due to the pressure of society expectations. The aim of this essay is to identify two social work theories, relate them to social work principles and relate them to domestic violence, in addition to discussing power imbalances, between the social worker and his or

What is a long-loop reflex?

What is a long-loop reflex? A rapid stretch of a voluntarily contracting muscle evokes electromyographic (EMG) responses at various latencies, as described by Loo, K. McCloskey, D. (1985). Response latency measures the time delay between a perturbation and response, the response is typically greater in a stretch than a jolt as found by Lee and Tatton (1975) who also proposed that there are typically 3 responses to a muscle stretch namely M1, M2 and M3. The first, M1, represents the short latency involuntary monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex involving primary afferents. M2 represents the delayed response corresponding to the, perhaps transcortical, long loop reflex response and M3 represents the latency for a voluntary response mediated by the cerebellum. These 3 distinct responses can be displayed graphically, as shown in figure 1. From analyzing figure 1 we can see that, using the terminology introduced by Lee Tatton (1985), M1 is the response seen approximately 45-60ms after the perturbation, M2 represents the increase in EMG activity 60-90ms after the perturbation and the increase in EMG activity between a latency of 90-110ms is termed M3. Any response with a latency of greater than 110ms is a voluntary response and is not considered to be a reflex response. These findings have been widely accepted and are frequently cited in later studies, for example in the study by Thilmann, A. F., Schwartz, M., Topper, R. Fellows, S.J. and Noth, J. (1991). Suminski, A.J., Rao, S.M., Mosier, K.M. and Scheidt, R.A. (2007) made a similar discovery finding short latency responses arising from monosynaptic reflexes, consistent with the latency of the M1 response. Petersen, N., Christensen, L., Morita, H., Sinkjà ²r, T. and Nielsen, J. (1998) showed that ankle dorsiflexors typically show an M3 response. More interestingly, this paper also claims that the M2 response in the upper limb seems to correspond with the M3 response in the lower limbs. According to Corden,  D.M., Lippold,  O.C.J., Buchanan, K. and Norrington, C. (2000), the second component of the stretch reflex response, M2, was first discovered by  Hammond (1955) who believes that the long latency is due to the long loop reflex travelling the extra distance to the cortex. Hammond (1956) studied the EMG response in the bicep muscle and found that the earliest voluntary muscle activation in response to mechanical taps occur after 90-100ms which contradicts with the later findings from Lee Tatton (1975) who claim voluntary response represents latencies greater than 110ms. This raises the possibility that the long loop reflex may have voluntary input. There have been many studies carried out investigating if the long-loop reflex is mediated by transcortical pathways. Logically, one would expect reflexes to be a hard-wired response and voluntary movement to have variation in responses. However, Evarts and Fromm (1981) provides evidence suggesting variability in their study of the wrist position. They concluded that the long loop reflex gives a pathway for the motor cortex to initiate closed loop feedback control to the flexors and extensors of the wrist. It can be argued that long latency responses fit both voluntary and reflex criteria. Arthur Prochazka, for one example, took particular interest in ambiguity for the correct definition of a reflex. For instance, is it regarded as a response which happens too quickly for the brain to notice, in which case, the M2 response would not be classed as a reflex since it is of long latency, or can it be defined as an involuntary response, in which case, the M2 response would be classed as a reflex since it occurs below the time threshold for it to be a voluntary action and occurs without any conscious awareness of the movement. If the long loop reflex goes via the motor cortex, it could be influenced voluntarily. A notable study by Loo McCloskey (1985) proposed that long loop reflexes are variable. This report studied the EMG responses of the flexor pollicis longus when a stretch was applied to the thumb-tip. The subject was required to initially have the muscle in a fixed, contracting state generating a constant force to give a baseline EMG to compare any results found against. Their results showed that, in the isometric holding task, all participants of the study could significantly alter the long latency responses to a stretch with some subjects recording up to 95% reduction in EMG activity when instructed to let go as opposed to resist. This indicates that motor set has an influence on the long loop reflex. Although the results for the isometric tracking, isotonic tracking and weight lifting tasks were less convincing, they still showed the ability to decrease EMG activity when told to let go not resis t, contradicting previously claimed results from Marsden et al (1976) which suggested that prior instructions had no influence on EMG responses. When the thumb was anaesthetised, there was no evidence of abolishment of the long latency EMG response, contrary to what was noted by Marsden, Merton Morton (1971). However, Loo McCloskey (1985) found there was a significant linear correlation between the percentage increase in perceived heaviness and the percentage reduction in long latency reflex. This study provides us with defining results, however, not all subjects performed all tests and not all results were significant so there still remains room for debate. Long loop reflexes were found to be abolished or depressed by lesions to the pathways to and from the cerebral cortex, again, giving the view that the long loop reflex does take a transcortical pathway. Matthews, P. B., Farmer, S. F. Ingram, D. A. (1990) also concluded from their study on the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements that long loop reflexes are mediated transcortically. The long loop reflex, it has been suggested, has a slower onset due to the longer route the reflex has to take. A monosynaptic spinal reflex arc is clearly a shorter route than the long loop reflex which, as some evidence shows, could go via the cortex. In a previous study, Hammond (1954) suggests the main feasible explanations for the delayed M2 response could be due to the longer neural pathway it takes or that the neurones involved are slower conducting. Matthews (1984) discovered the same findings as he suggested in his paper that the M2 response is mediated by muscle spindle secondary endings which by nature are slower conducting afferents. Corna, S., Grasso, M., Nardone, A. and Schieppati, M. (1995) also concluded that M2 response in the ankle muscles is mediated by group II afferents. Marsden, C., Merton, P., and Morton, H., (1976) argued that the long loop reflex could not be altered by the motor set and hence concluded that the response was more likely to be a reflex respons e than voluntarily response. However, as pointed out by Loo McCloskey (1985), the subjects of the experiment were in fact the researchers themselves, hence, the results may be bias because sub-consciously they are aware of the experiment and what is going to happen and already have a prediction of what they want to happen. Rothwell, Traub and Marsden (1980) also suggested that long loop reflexes are not variable. Gassel (1970) claims that long loop reflexes occur predominantly with stimulation of cutaneous nerves or dorsal roots. To this end, Marsden et al. (1978) studied the stretch reflex response in the human flexor pollicis longus, which when stimulated, results in flexion of the thumb. If this muscle is stabilized, for example, fixed in plasticine, then cutaneous nerve activity can be detected. It is proposed that long loop reflexes going via the motor cortex, have become progressively more important in effective motor control of motor skills. There is an initial judgement of the required strength of the muscle contractions needed before any specific movement. Any error in the estimate will result in the activation of the muscle spindle receptors and will result in a corrective long loop reflex, which causes an appropriate change in the signals from the motor cortex, correcting the response of the movement. This happens with a latency of less than 50 msec. This is about 70msec for lower limbs. This corrective compensation is automatic and unconscious. The pathways for 1a receptors up to the motor cortex and hence participation in long loop reflexes have been recognized in mammals such as the cat (Landgren, 1984). Clarac, F. (2005) suggests that the long loop reflexes play an important role in the adaptation of flexors and extensors and hence are useful in posture and moveme nt. He also suggests that they are involved in the mechanisms for anticipating movement, which supports the evidence of a transcortical route since there is input from the brain. Shemmell, J., An, J.H. and Perreault, E.J. (2009) claim transcortical long-loop reflexes are useful in adding flexibility to the human stretch reflex allowing adaptation to a wider range of functional tasks. They also highlight in their report that reflex sensitivity is increased in unstable environments. This study also provides evidence supporting the transcortical route of the long loop reflex since, similar to the findings of Loo McCloskey (1985), if the subject was given instruction prior to the perturbation, the long-loop reflex provides the ability to achieve the desired result even if this is contrary to the stabilizing response you would expect. Their study concludes that stretch reflex modulation in tasks that require changes in limb stability is mediated by motor cortical pathways, and that these differ from pathways contributing to reflex modulation that depend on how the subject is instructed to react to an imposed perturbation. The experiment went on to observe the eff ects of using transcranial magnetic stimulation to create a cortical silent period whereby the muscle stretch was timed so that the M2 response of the stretch reflex occurred during this silent phase. As a result of this, the idea that reflex sensitivity could be increased when in a stable environment was abolished. The reflex responses seen from altered task instruction was found to be not influenced by cortical silence. These results demonstrate that task-dependent changes in reflex function can be mediated through multiple neural pathways and that these pathways have task-specific roles. More recently, Petersen, N. et al. (1998) investigated the possibility of a transcortical pathway by applying stretch to ankle dorsiflexors and recording the EMG signals. In the introduction, Peterson et al. (1998) states that it is widely accepted, for muscles in the distal upper limb, for the long-loop reflex (M2) to be mediated by a transcortical reflex pathway. There is little evidence showin g the same result in proximal and lower limb muscles. Thilmann et al. (1991) found that the M2 response showed no significant change in proximal and lower limb muscles after lesions of supraspinal pathways whereas the M2 responses disappeared in hand muscles after the same lesion. A more clinical approach by Diener, H., Dichgans, J., Hà ¼lser, P.-J., Buettner, U.-W., Bacher, M.  and Guschbauer, B. (1984) suggests the long loop reflex is useful in diagnosing multiple sclerosis. Their results showed that 69% of the patients who have multiple sclerosis have a significantly longer M3 latency response in the antagonistic anterior tibial muscle. This increased delay in M3 response suggests demyelination of the neurones and they concluded that their results support evidence that the long loop reflex is mediated by a transcortical pathway. Figure 1: Clarac , F (2005)  The History of Reflexes Part 2: From Sherrington to 2004,  IBRO History of Neuroscience Corden,  D.M., Lippold,  O.C.J., Buchanan, K. and Norrington, C. (2000) Long-Latency Component of the Stretch Reflex in Human Muscle is Not Mediated by Intramuscular Stretch Receptors. Applied Journal of Physiology. 84(1). 184-188. Corna, S., Grasso, M., Nardone, A. Schieppati, M. (1995) Selective depression of medium-latency leg and foot muscle responses to stretch by an aÃŽÂ ¼-agonist in humans. Journal of Physiology. 484. 803-809. Diener, H.C., Dichgans, J., Hà ¼lser, P.J., Buettner, U.W., Bacher, M.  and Guschbauer, B. (1984) The significance of delayed long-loop responses to ankle displacement for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 57(4). 336-342. Fromm. C., Evarts, E. (1981). Relation of Size and Activity of Motor Cortex Pyramidal Tract neurons during Skilled Movements in the Monkey. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1(5), 453-460. Gassel, M. (1970) A critical review of evidence concerning long-loop reflexes excited by muscle afferents in man. Journal Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatrics. 33. 358-362. Hammond, P. H. (1954) Involuntary activity in biceps following the sudden application of velocity to the abducted forearm. Journal of Physiology. 127, 23. Lee, R. G. Tatton W. G, (1975) Motor responses to sudden limb displacements in primates with specific CNS lesions and in human patients with motor system disorders. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2, 285-293. Loo, C.K.C. McCloskey, D.I. (1985) Effects of prior instruction and anaesthesia on long-latency responses to stretch in the long flexor of the human thumb. Journal of physiology, 365, 285-296 Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1976) Servo action in the human thumb. Journal of physiology. 257. 1-44. Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1978) Anticipatory postural responses in the human subject. Journal of Physiology.  275. 47-48. Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1981) Human postural responses. Brain. 104. 513-534. Matthews, P. B., Farmer, S. F. Ingram, D. A. (1990) On the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements. Journal of Physiology. 428. 561-577. Petersen, N., Christensen, L.O.D., Morita, H., Sinkjà ²r, T. and Nielsen, J. (1998) Evidence that a transcortical pathway contributes to stretch reflexes in the tibialis anterior muscle in man. Journal of Physiology. 512(1). 267-276. Shemmell, J., An, J.H. and Perreault, E.J. (2009) The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation Induced by Changes in Environmental Mechanics and Verbal Instruction, The Journal of Neuroscience. 29(42). 13255-13263. Suminski, A.J., Rao, S.M., Mosier, K.M. and Scheidt, R.A. (2007) Neural and electromyographic correlates of wrist posture control. Journal of Neurophysiology. 97. 1527-1545. Thilmann, A.F., Schwarz, M., Topper, R., Fellows, S.J. and Noth, J. (1991) Different Mechanisms Underlie the Long-Latency Stretch Reflex Response of Active Human Muscle at Different Joints. Journal of Physiology. 444. 631-643.

Going to the Territory :: Going to the Territory Essays

Going to the Territory    Ralph Ellison’s essay â€Å"Going to the Territory† is truly a definition of American culture.   Ellison’s essay is a description of his journey from Oklahoma to Brown University and along the way he uncovers truths about the way Americans selectively acknowledge their history and ignore important aspects of their culture and let them fester into an uncontrollable problem.   Ellison had a connection to Brown University before he even made it out of grammar school.   His principal was the first colored man to graduate from Brown and Ellison received an award in memorial to Dr. Inman Page, Ellison’s grammar school principal.   It is through his time spent at Brown and his journey there that he realizes that American culture is based upon what people choose to hear and see.   â€Å"Considering the ironic fact that Americans continue to find themselves stumbling into (as well as over) details of their history, tonight’s is a most American occasion†¦At any rate, in the two hundreds years of our existence  Ã‚  Ã‚   a great deal has been overlooked or forgotten† (123).   Ellison says that Americans ignore the social problems of our country, which results in the problems growing out of control.   Race is one of these problems.   According to Ellison, race is a result of people’s personal interests.   People are so self interested that they look past the pressing issues of today.   â€Å"Our unknown history doesn’t stop having consequences each though we ignore them† (133).   Because we as Americans ignored such issues as racial inequality- in that the debt Americans owe the black community is not repayable.   We think that by instituting laws to make all persons equal is enough, but this equality is never achieved, but looked past as though it is fine.   Ellison speaks of Black culture as being imitated and mimicked by many non-white citizens.   He mentions Europeans dancing like the Negroes, and how they other members of society find it absurd for them to behave in such a way.   These people are subject to the prejudices of those who have overlooked the instances of inequality in the past.   Today, people who pose as Blacks are subject to much scrutiny and discrimination.   They are termed â€Å"wiggers† and and are often seen as offensive.   Ellison thought that this mimicking behavior was okay and acceptable.

The Antibiotics Self Medication Health And Social Care Essay

Background: self medicine with antibiotics is devouring drugs to handle self diagnosed infection without confer withing doctors which is broad spread abuse of antibiotics in developing states. Purpose: this survey purpose to measure the prevalence of behavioural abuse of antibiotics by self medicine among wellness professional pupils in J.U.S.T, and to measure the association between ego aa‚ ¬ † medicine and doing factors. Design: across-sectional design will utilize. Method: random sample of 400 pupils in J.U.S.T university, selected from 4th twelvemonth degree in modules of ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) , validated questionnaire will used to roll up informations, pilot survey sample ( 40 pupils ) , informations analysis through statistical bundle of societal scientific discipline ( SPSS ) . Decision: the determination will supply of import informations about prevalence of abuse of medicine among the four groups ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, nurse ) , which will be of import in understanding the wellness load of the development of antibacterial opposition.IntroductionA important addition in the mortality and morbidity rate of antecedently treatable infections disease due to the outgrowth of opposition among infective and common bacterium. This turning opposition to antibiotics represents a planetary menace to human sort. The major job of antibiotics self medicine is the outgrowth of opposition which means the effectivity of antibiotics will worsen and therefore infections turned to be more hard and really expensive to handle and epidemics become harder to command ( WHO report, 2005 ) ( reka bisht, 2009 ) . Further, other serious side consequence may develop like harm to some critical organ like kidney and liver, and devastation of normal vegetations in the organic structure. The purpose of this survey is to look into the prevalence of behavioural abuse of antibiotics by self medicine without prescription and its part to antibacterial opposition among wellness professional pupils at J.U.S.T university, and compare the consequence with similar surveies. In Jordan, no much behavioral based survey was conducted. One of these survey conducted by Al-Bakri et Al ( 2005 ) to measure beginnings, form and rightness of antibacterial drugs ingestion within the Jordanian population? ? ? ? ? All other surveies carried in Jordan were based on community, wellness establishment, or infirmary scene? ? ? ? ? ? ? .Literature reappraisalThe old surveies defined self medicine as consuming of drugs without reding from their doctors or use of any medicine for ego intervention without audience of wellness attention professions ( sharrif, 2011 ) .Study designA cross-sectional survey will be conducted to look into the magnitude of antibiotic abuse and to measure the most likely causation factors act uponing this behaviour among wellness professional pupils in ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) . This descriptive exploratory survey will be performed utilizing a self-administered questionnaire.Population and sampleA convenient random choice of pupils will be performed to transport out the survey. The sample choice will be will be from all pupils in 4th specializer to be chosen every other pupil. This indiscriminately selected sample is considered homogen eous with regard to their age ( 4th twelvemonth degree pupils ) , educational degree, and wellness professions. Data will be collected from the pupils during their presence in their regular categories at the beginning of the 2nd semester in 2013. A entire figure of 400 questionnaires will be distributed on pupils in 4th specializer.PutingThe survey will be conducted in an academic based puting on 4th twelvemonth degree pupils of the 4th wellness co-workers ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) at Jordan university of scientific discipline and engineering.Data aggregationA pre-designed structured questionnaire in Arabic linguistic communication will be used to roll up the information on ego medicine with antibiotic from the survey population. The questionnaire will be pre-tested on a little pilot population ( 40 pupils ) , from every specializer to find the diction and format of the questionnaire, completeness of response, the clip needed to finish the si gnifier. After that the questionnaire will be modified consequently. University administrative blessing will be obtained ( IRB ) to ease the distribution of the questionnaire. At the beginning of the questionnaire, the intent of the survey will be explained and so the pupils will be asked to reply all inquiries. Consequently, demographic informations such as name, age, gender, reference, and forte co-worker will be followed. The questionnaire will dwell of structured unfastened and closed terminal inquiries and multiple response inquiries, the informations will be classified into point, which in bend will be given codifications used for intent of computing machine informations entry. The questionnaire will distributed to pupils at the terminal of their talk after informing and obtaining consent of the teaching staff and so collected after completion clip ( the clip will find related to fly survey ) . The response rate will be 100 % .Statistical analysisData will be analyzed by utili zing SPSS, descriptive analysis will be conducted. Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics will be reported as per centum. Categorical information will be presented as frequence of happening and will be analyzed by chi-square trial. Continuous informations will be presented as mean and standard divergence and will be analyzed by pupil t-test. The P value of less than 0.05 was considered important at the 0.05 degree.RestrictionFirst, our topic will be drawn from health-professional pupils instead than other specializer. Second, the age distribution of the sample population will be different from the age distribution from general distribution of Jordan. Further surveies are needed to affect wider scope of ages to find the magnitude of self-medication abuse of antibiotics in the general population. Third, this is a retrospective survey, some prejudice might go on when the pupil have to retrieve how many times, continuance of intervention, besides should retrieve the name of antibiotics have been taken in old 12 months. Fourth, the questionnaire will be administered to pupils during their presence in their regular category. So, pupils may impact each other ‘s replies to inquiry, in malice of research worker ‘s instructions. What are anticipating to happen out is: Antibiotics self medicine without prescription is extremely prevalence among wellness professional pupils. Uncontrolled purchase of antibiotics from pharmaceuticss ( over the counter ) without prescription, and handiness of antibiotics at place ( remnant ) are the most common beginning of self medicine. Upper respiratory piece of land infection is the major wellness jobs reported to be treated by antibiotics self-medication. The fiscal factors plays a function in choosing the type and the sum of antibiotics by self medicine individual.

mainframes and pcs essays

mainframes and pc's essays Mainframes were conceived from an idea from Charles Babbage, however it would be seventy years later. Under the direction of Howard Aiken in 1941 Harvard University developed the Mark I Calculator. Within five years the Mark I Calculator was outdone by the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) developed at the University of Pennsylvania. The ENIAC was introduced as the first digital computer, and could compute up to 5000 times faster than any previously introduced computer. The ENIAC did not go over well due to the high initial cost and the high ongoing maintenance costs. Financial backing from the US Census Bureau led the same developers of the ENIAC to design the BINAC. The BINAC helped to calculate the 1950s census which produced enough capital for J.P. Eckert and John Mauchly to begin work on the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC.) However, due to financial trouble again Eckert and Mauchly sold the UNIVAC to Remington Rand. Remington Rands substantial finances lead to the completion of the UNIVAC and was delivered to the US Census Bureau in 1951. The UNIVAC was the first computer that utilized stored memory and did not require constant attention from engineers. In the mid and late 1950s several milestones are reached in the computing industry. IBM sales their first commercial computer, the first transistorized computer (TX-O) was completed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, development of two important computer programming languages Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) and List Processor (LISP.) Almost thirty years later the personal computer (PC) will start being introduced. It was 1975 when MITS Altair the first 8080 based kit computer was introduced followed by the Imsai 8080. There were few other models that showed up but it was the Apple II introduced in April of 1977 that was dubbed the first true personal computer. The Apple II was ...

Northern Home For Boys Essays - Porter-Leath, Medical Health Care

Northern Home For Boys Essays - Porter-Leath, Medical Health Care Northern Home for Boys Northern Home for Boys was first known as Northern Home for Friendless Children, which was founded in 1853 by Elizabeth Rutter. The home was dedicated to serving children in distress. Today the home serves neglected and abused boys who are referred through Children and Youth Agencies of Philadelphia and Delaware Counties. Northern Homes is one of the oldest facilities for children. The home offers on ground school, educational and recreational programs, social workers, child care worker, medical/health care and psychological/psychiatric services. I had the pleasure of meeting with Ms. Gale Hite, who escorted me through the various buildings, which house boys between the ages of 10 and 18. The average stay is 2 years. The mission of this facility is to reunite the boys with their families and to provide them with the essentials needed for becoming productive members of society. To accomplish these goals the boys are first welcomed into the facility by the Welcoming Committee. This committee consists of one boy from each unit. When a new boy is admitted he is assigned a buddy for two weeks to assist him in becoming familiar with the other residents. A Social Worker is assigned to each boy and his family. The responsibility of the Social Worker is to coordinate treatment services for the child and family. Individual counseling is provided weekly and group counseling four times a week. Establishing goals and reviewing levels of achieving goals are discussed on group level. Family counseling is provided on a family by family basis. Within the first 30 days of acceptance into the home an Individual Service Plan is developed. Goals, specific activities, services, the persons responsible for delivering these services and a time limited is stated in the ISP. A schedule of the child?s visits with parents is also included in this document. The parents or guardian and a representative for the placing agency is afforded the opportunity to participate in the development of the ISP. The ISP is reviewed every six months to determine progress in achieving the goals. All participates are invited to the review. This facility also offers the level system, which consist of providing a consistent positive framework for setting limits in an age and behavior appropriate manner. The levels program allows room for development within safe guidelines. Positive contribution to the Northern Home?s community, school attendance and performance, and the child?s individual and group goals are weighted equally in the level program. Each group meets nightly to evaluate the progress around individual and group goals. These meetings help the boys understand each other and to stimulate the group into feeling successful. There are five levels in the program, probation, 1, 2,3 and independent. Probationary period is for one week providing intense focus on a child experiencing a critical time in placement. Boys on the first four levels will use a daily point chart. Each night this chart will be added up. The total points for the previous week will determine the child?s current level, allowance and other privileges. A child must earn the number of points required to maintain that level for three consecutive weeks in order to move to the next level. Movement down a level occurs immediately when appropriate points are not maintained for the week. Movement down is one level at a time. Life skills are introduced in the independent level. The boys attend classes that teach them how to budget their money, shop, and to help them to become independent adults. A Sexuality Course is included for the purpose of family planning. Another positive reinforcement is the point system. Each day the boys start their day with 5 points. The boys lose point by misbehaving in school, which is judged by the teacher. All points retained each day will be added up at the end of the week and the boys have the opportunity to use their points in purchasing sportswear and school supplies from the school store. Home visits are an essential ingredient of the overall Residential Treatment Program. A child is not permitted to visit home until it is established to be a safe environment. Approval is given by the DHS. Once it is established that the home is safe the child can

Military leadership Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Military leadership - Thesis Example The strategic planning will be discussed to progress the relations between the civil government and armed troops in a right direction for the betterment of the nation. The root-causes of the problems in civil-military relations and their solutions will be proposed in depth. The boundaries of the research cover various aspects of the civil-military relationships in the light of facts and figures. This study is based on the directions in research practiced in the past and proposed improvements in them. Positive relationships between the government and the military are quite necessary for the successful running of the country affairs. The set of skills required to manage the issues and activities of the military bodies are possessed by civil government mostly. This is due to the fact that civil government is directly linked with the other agencies as well as foreign organizations. All the top positions in the ruling body as possessed by the civilians that have good insight into the current issues of the country. There could be two types of governments in a country. The government that carries armed men in critical positions dictating the terms for army and defense issues and the other type of government contains the civilians in the important positions in the government that manage all the issues of the army and defense. Our focus will be on the first type of government and the strategies formulated by such a government in establishing the civil-military relations on good grounds. This practice is seen in most of the leading countries in the world like China. The leaders of the nation often give high weight to the civil management of the armed forces. It is a well known fact that the guns are meant for firing only. You need a cool head to aim them though. Civil governments play their effective role in guiding the path for the armed forces. One of

Companies have always found it hard to balance pressing operational Essay

Companies have always found it hard to balance pressing operational concerns with long-term strategic priorities,DISCUSS - Essay Example This may be due to various reasons and mangers are often at the cross roads. Assigning priorities and making decisions becomes a challenge for the business managers when they have to decide what are the sacrifices that have to be made to get along in business. Hence, this essay focuses on the analysis of what causes the companies to compromise on their strategic plans. When a company formulates the strategy, first an internal and external environmental analysis has to be carried out. When we are planning for the future first the organization should have awareness about the internal and external environmental factors that can impact the organization. â€Å"When the environment audit is undertaken, the objective is to develop a finite list of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses. Here the word finite list is emphasized because the job of the manager is t not make an exhaustive list of all the factors that may affect the organization. But focus should be on key environmental variables that could influence business†1. The importance of the environmental analysis is mostly realized by organizations but the depth of the analysis is often compromised. For example in Toyota corporation, there is a management concept â€Å"to go to the roots†. The meaning of this concept is that, when we are collecting information for analysis, th e information should be collected from the source or in other words from the origin. When an external environmental analysis is done with information collected from the sources and decisions are made based on such in-depth data, the applicability and durability of strategic plans are considerably increased. The information from the external environment should be used to tune up the internal environment to meet the challenges and make good of the opportunities. When an organization needs to possess a competitive advantage its focus should be internalized rather externalized. The ability of a business concern to focus on its