constitution and popular sovereignty Essay - 1116 Words

DBQ- Development of the United States Constitution to Ensure Popular Sovereignty In 1776 the United States declared its independence from the tyrannical British Empire and has been growing as a nation ever since then. The first constitution that the United States developed as a united country was the Articles of Confederation, which failed horribly. But learning from the mistakes made in the Articles of Confederation the brilliant minds of early America drafted the Constitution, a document that still governs the states to this day with only being amended 27 times. In order to be this successful it was written very broadly with a lot of room for interpretation because every problem couldn’t be addressed. One problem that the Founding†¦show more content†¦On June 8, 1789 one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America, James Madison proposed the Bill of rights to the House of Representatives (Document F). He and many other patriots saw that there were certain areas that had not been addressed in the Constitution that left the ability for those who were in the central government to abuse their powers and unreasonably control the American people. Now you have to take into consideration that the American citizens had to battle for years just to be free of the tyrannical powers of the King of England, and they wanted to make sure at all costs that this did not happen again. A constitution that ensured popular sovereignty was the only answer to this dilemma. The Bill of Rights was soon after ratified and it ensured the people liberties such as, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press†¦,† (Document G). These rights given to the people among many others which were not mentioned made it so that the central government could do their job of governing the people, but they also gave the people the right to rebel and speak out against the government if they were being treated unfairly. W ithout the Bill of Rights being added to the Constitution of this country there would be noShow MoreRelatedHow Have the Concepts of Popular Sovereignty, Rule of Law and Tolerance Developed Through Time880 Words   |  4 PagesJOURNAL 1 The United State has been established based on the foundation ideas of Popular Sovereignty, Rule of Law, and Tolerance. Those ideas have become the strong pillars for our Founding Fathers to build a new society (Coaty 23) which vividly accounted in the U.S. Constitution. The questions arise, what are the Popular Sovereignty, Rule of Law, and Tolerance? Why those ideas have become so vital?   The Popular Sovereignty means is a form of power that a nation state has over itself and its people.Read MoreThe Issue of Slavery in the New Colonies Essay example647 Words   |  3 Pagesthey had turned to the Constitution for answers, but because it was written to be vague that it did not provide much help other than fueling the debate further. Slavery wasn’t directly mentioned in the constitution, which made it very difficult to determine the Constitutions stand on slavery. In the territories that the Union that acquired, whether slavery would exist or not was another issue of debate, since the expansion of slavery was once again not covered in the Constitution either. In some territoriesRead MoreWhat Should Be Added To The Constitution Essay713 Words   |  3 Pages What Should Be Added To The Constitution In 2017 I believe that popular sovereignty is the most important idea in the constitution. Popular sovereignty states that â€Å"the people rule†. I think that this idea is important for various reasons. Some of which are that it keeps the leader from becoming too tyrannical, it protects the citizen’s rights, and it also protects the citizens from the government. I think all these preventions are important because they make the US what it is today. There are severalRead MoreThe Road Of Democracy For America1334 Words   |  6 Pagesa sound government, the Founding Fathers of America do this by finding a balance between the individual rights of the people and the power of the government to maintain order with the concepts of unalienable rights, checks and balances, and popular sovereignty. The first step to democracy and equilibrium between order and individual rights is the unalienable rights of the people. The major problem the majority of colonists had with the British Monarch was the lack of protection of the people s rightsRead MoreFramers of the Constitution1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Framers of the Constitution and the Republicanism The constitution is the supreme law of the land. Even though it is the supreme law of the land, it is not well defined; it isn’t specific on multiple areas. Because of that, the constitution has been misjudged and miss interpreted in the past. However, there are certain parts were the Constitution is specific. It is partially specific on elements of the Constitution that embodies the republican principle of limited government, the three institutionsRead MoreThomas Hobbes and His Contribution to the Constitution Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesThomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was an important figure in thee contribution to the Constitution. He was born on April 5th 1588 in Westport, Wiltshire, England and died December 4th 1679 in Hardwick, England. Hobbes’ uncle sponsored his education at Oxford University. In 1604, Hobbes’ father also named Thomas Hobbes, left his family and never returned to be seen again. Hobbes’ also had three siblings; two brothers and a sister. He wrote three major writings; De corpore (published eventually in 1655)Read MoreThe Main Parts Of The Constitution888 Words   |  4 PagesThe main parts of the constitution are preamble, articles, and the amendments. So the preamble is the introduction. Also, the article explains how the government works and the amendments are all 27 amendments. The preamble starts by stating the goals of the constitution. It explains that the U.S wants to form a better country. In addition, the United States wants to have peace in the country by defending the country. Also, the constitution explains to help everyone live in a better Nameless environmentRead MoreDemocracy Is A Type Of Government System1498 Words   |  6 Pages There are three components in representative democracy, which are political equality, political liberty, and popular sovereignty. Political equality is where each person would have the same weight meaning they are all equal. Political liberty is people have basic freedoms that the government are not allow to infer which these they are protected from the government. Popular sovereignty is that the people are the key factors for government officials to make. All these components all lies in the handsRead MoreGuatemala And United States Government Systems Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloped into a nation, based upon the firm foundation of the Constitution, the United States government has continued to adapt in order to live up to its promise of liberty and equality for all individuals. The Federalist Papers, written b etween 1787 and 1788, give today’s citizens a remarkable look into the framing of our government more than 200 years ago. Through the Bill of Rights and seventeen subsequent amendments, the Constitution has been changed over the years to solidify America’s promiseRead MoreHello1750 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Colonists complained that the Sugar Act violated their fundamental freedoms by enacting taxes a. through popular election. b. without the king’s consent. c. without allowing colonial representation in Parliament. d. through a royal decree. e. arbitrarily. What was the primary purpose of the First Continental Congress? a. To establish an international identity b. To adopt the Declaration of Independence c. To coordinate a joint response to the actions of the British

Freedom vs Security - George Orwell, 1984 - 2554 Words

Freedom vs. Security: 1984, a Mirror of Today’s Governments and their Methods of Mass Control Tanks to technology and, mostly, its applications in the field of communication, governments and business corporations from all around the world have now more power than ever to track and influence what we buy, what we listen to, what we read, what we watch and, ultimately, what we believe. Recent terrorist threats and armed conflicts that have taken place around the globe have prompted a general feeling of vulnerability among the international community. Now most citizens are not likely to complain, or even ask questions, when they are deprived of their individual freedoms and privacy, they assume that this reduction of individual freedoms is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†, this is one of the slogans of The Party and it is the perfect example to understand the level of manipulation the people of Oceania is subjected to. This is the first time we encounter the idea of doublethink in the novel. With the use of propag anda-induced fear, the Party is able to force the people to accept anything it declares, even if it is entirely illogical. Wilson, the protagonist of the story, suffers the effects of doublethink throughout great part of the plot. He notices the incongruences between what the party says and what he knows is true, but he can’t do anything about it because the mere act of thinking individually would be considered an act of treason. The model of government Orwell described in 1984 is an exaggeration of the totalitarian regimes he witnessed during the years he spent in the old continent, and an attempt to warn the world of the dangers that thoseShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of Our Privacy Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorism and violence. The pain and suffering we are put through as a nation, people tend not to consider being subjected to government surveillance. 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Though technically, the individual is still in possession of his or her information but he or she has very little or no control over how and why it is used. This is very similar to the dystopian society depicted in George Orwell’s 1984. In the novel, everything is decided for the citizens of Oceania and theyRead MoreAdvertising: Modern Day Brainwashing Essay3202 Words   |  13 Pages Brainwashing and Mind Control are â€Å"best thought of as a series of techniques that are used over time to shape a person’s perception, cognition, emotions, decision making and behavior to such an extent that they have lost their freedom of choice† (Mind Control Today). These techniques, once in existence within authoritarian and totalitarian governments, are increasingly being practiced by advertising companies and mass media. 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Case Study Mcdonalds Free Essays

SHERIDAN College CASE STUDY ON McDonald’s JASKARAN KULLAR 991313325 BUSINESS MARKETING JOHN COOPER 14, MARCH 2013 McDonalds A Current Marketing Situation STRENGTHS 1. McDonald’s is the world’s largest restaurant organization. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Mcdonalds or any similar topic only for you Order Now Strong brand name and recognition. 3 McDonald’s generate more than $40 billion in system wide sale. 4 It operates over 35000 restaurants in more than 100 countries on six continents. 5 It has an unparalleled global infrastructure and competencies in restaurant operations, real estate, retailing, marketing and franchising. McDonald’s website says that it is a leader in the area of social responsibility and is committed to protecting the environment for future generations. 7 Strong and wide communication channel in the market. (deng, 2009) 8 Play areas for children. 9 Large target markets. 10 Recession resistant (Birchall, 2008) 11 In September 2003 successful backing up of new products was launched with MTV’s advertising campaign featuring the new tag line, â€Å"I’m Lovin’it†. (Jennifer, 2004) WEAKNESSES 1 McDonald’s has not achieved its growth expectations in past several years. Narrow Product lines. (deng, 2009) 3 McDonald’s brand association as a junk food. (deng, 2009) 4 Few option for healthy eating 5 High employee turnover rates. (macy, 2012) 6 McDonald’s also have some bad effects on environment. (ltd. , 2006) 7 McDonald’s also faces many types of legal actions on many issues. OPPORTUNITIES 1 Product packing for McDonalds now features QR codes for customers to get nutritional information. Mcnamara, 2013) 2 Opportunity to enlarge market, the consumers who care about health issue. (deng, 2009) 3 Slightly changing market brand image of McDonalds. (deng, 2009) 4 In 2009, McDonald’s launched its hefty Angus burger in all U. S. A locations. 5 Introduction of trans-fat-free French fries in all restaurants in the U. S. A and Canada. 6 Introduction of McCafe. 7 Testing marketing fruits and vegetables as happy meal at some outlets. 8 McDonald’s franchises overseas became a favorite target of people and groups expressing antiglobalization sentiments. Entry into new and highly popul ar product categories. THREATS 1 Public attack about obesity issue. (deng, 2009) 2 Changing taste of consumers. (deng, 2009) 3 Unable to keep patrons as special order sandwiches offered by rivals Burger King and Wendy’s. 4 Promotional plans like McDonalds game found conspiracy with 51 people charged in a part of scam winning $24 million by stealing winning McDonald’s tickets. 5 McDonalds showed a delayed effect than other restaurants operators in switching over to zero trans-fat cooking oil. In 2001 McDonald’s was sued for hurting religious sentiments by vegetarian groups for not revealing its flavors in French fries as it added beef extract to vegetable oil and showing it as veg in menu. 7 Consumers began filing law suits that eating at McDonald’s had made them over weight. 8 Competition from burger kings and Wendy’s. (Thomadsen, 2007) MARKET SEGMENTATION TARGET MARKET| BABY BOOMERS| GENERATION X| GENERATION Y| GENERATION Z| DEMOGRAPHICS| 45-65+| 35-44| 19-34| 0-18| GEOGRAPHICS| URBAN| URBAN| URBAN| URBAN| PSYCOGRAPHICS| More concerned with low cholesterol food| More concerned with low fat food| More concerned with physical fitness food products| Generally eats taste oriented food products| BEHAVIOURAL| Mostly concerned with good quality of food products| Requires access with quick and fresh food service| Generally catch-up food by themselves by reaching out| Check out with friends and family| ISSUE ANALYSIS In 2004,Morgan Spurlock’s documentary film Super-Size Me gave very criticism to McDonald’s fast â€Å"nutrition†, in which he shows how he gains fat and destroy his health by eating McDonald’s. 2 In 1998 McDonald’s started â€Å"Made for you† System but it was not successful. There was a decrease in growth of sales in stores. 3 In 1999 before the implementation of â€Å"made for you â€Å"scheme ,McDonald’s planned to provide about 190 million in financial assistance to its franchisees ,but the actual cost of implementing the system ran much higher than the corporation had estimated. In 2001, 51 people were charged conspiring to rig McDonald’s game promotions over the course of several years, revealing that $24 million of winning McDonald’s game tickets had been stolen as a part of scam. 5 In 2004, McDonald’s was sued for extracting a small amount beef added in to the vegetable oil used for cooking French fries. 6 Many people still complain that the food served by McDonald’s is not hot to eat. RECOMMENDATIONS PRODUCT :- 1 McDonald’s should provide hot food to eat because many customers complaint that their food is not so hot to eat otherwise it will affect sales. McDonalds should bring some new healthier products for all ages because bad effect on health is one of the weaknesses of McDonald’s and bringing some healthier food will help to overcome this image. 3 McDonald’s should provide some free snacks because it will he lp it compete with its competitors and increase sales. 4 McDonalds should make their products in fat free oil because it will have good effect on health. 5 McDonald’s should also provide some regional food because in this way some rural people will also start accepting its products. Launching of new fried and bone in treats in Chicago. PRICE:- 1 The price of products should be affordable because if they will not be affordable to small income group then its sale will be affected and it will also give the opportunity to competitors to increase their sales. 2 The prices of products should be regularly checked so as to compete with competition because people will buy those products which they can get in low price. PLACE:- 1 McDonald’s should open new franchises in small cities also . It will help them to expand its business and increase growth. McDonald’s should increase the number of its franchises in all countries in order to expand its business. PROMOTION:- 1 McD onald’s should provide some discount on more products purchased because in this way people will buy more. Because some people will start purchasing more items if they can get discount. 2 McDonald’s should provide home delivery service because sometimes some people can’t go to store in order to purchase them. It will increase sales. 3 McDonald’s should provide online sale because in this way people can place their orders online. McDonald’s is working on new salads and wraps . (wong, 2013) 5 McDonald, s will test the new fried and bone in treats in Chicago. (wong, 2013) 6 Success of mighty wings in Atlanta. (wong, 2013) BEST RECOMMENDATIONS PRODUCT:- McDonald’s should provide some healthier food for all ages because health obesity is the major problem with McDonald’s . In this way they can get good image regarding health. PRICE:- Prices of products should be regularly checked in order to compete with competition because people will chea pest product. PLACE:- McDonald’s should open new small franchises at small cities also because it will help him to expand its business and increase growth rates. PROMOTION:- McDonald’s should provide home delivery service because sometimes people can’t go to store in order to purchase product. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography Birchall, J. (2008). McDonalds claims fast food sales fighting off slowdown. Financial times. deng, t. (2009, may). McDonalds new strategy on changing attitudes and communication. International journal of marketing studies, 37-42. Jennifer, R. (2004). online branding :the case of McDonald’s. ritish food journal. ltd. , n. m. (2006). ICCR sponsered proxy resolutions on genetically modified organisms gain recognition among shareholders at wendy’s McDonald’s . financial wire. macy, a. (2012). financing a remodel:a case of McDonald’s Franchisee. journal of case research in business and economics. Mcnamara, B. (2013). McDonalds give the people wha t they want. Nutrition business journal. Thomadsen, r. (2007). product positiong and competion:the role of location in the fast food industry. Marketing science. wong, V. (2013). will McDonald’s mighty wings fly? Business weak. How to cite Case Study Mcdonalds, Free Case study samples

Music playing Essay Example For Students

Music playing Essay In this essay I will be directing the final scene of Willy Russells Blood Brothers. I will use all aspects of theatre for example lighting and sound etc, etc. The time this play was written in Liverpool (where it was written) there was a lot of classing going on which in this play is a theme that makes the play what it is. Throughout the whole play the classes are affecting the two brothers relationships in many different ways. This at the time in Liverpool was also happening where there was a lot of class divinisation. To be able to perform this scene effectively I think that we need to make the audience feel the play not just watch it. This will be done through many things such as lighting. These have to come in the right place at the right time otherwise the scene will look unprofessional. I think when the emotion anger is present there should be red lighting however it shouldnt be too dark otherwise the facial expressions will not be able to be seen. During the time of anger there should be music that reflects the atmosphere on the stage and around it. I think fast heavy music that shows violence anger and hatred all in one. On the other hand there will also be the atmosphere of sadness. I think that the colour light blue represents this very well and spotlighting the person/s that are sad. Slow sad music playing in the background. However when there is tension or tension building up slow drum beat in the background and plain white light so that the audience can see clearly what is happening. From here I will pin point key points of the last scene that I will direct directly to ensure that they are done to a good standard that they deserve to be. I will split the final scene into three parts which I will talk about separately.  The first scene where Mickey confronts Edward is very good because it combines more than 1 emotion together that is very effective. Before Mickey enters Edward is in a conference of some sort where he is addressing everyone formally. As soon as Mickey enters the atmosphere completely changes where Mickey is now the person in the advantage with a gun in his hand. Where they meet I think is a special moment for both however Mickey angry doesnt feel the good side of the confrontation on the audience do. This I think is where two emotions (sadness and anger) are present. Before they talk there should be a long silence where Mickey and Edward just look at each other showing that there is tension growing (the drum beat). Finally, no sound, but a faint red light showing Mickeys anger while the conversation is happening. The conversation between theses two I think is split into 2 bits one where there is sadness the other angry. At the beginning sadness where Mickey talks about his life, then suddenly angry when he confronts Edward about seeing Linda. So here there are mixed emotions which prove effective as the audience dont know what to expect next. Then when the police and Mrs Johnstone enter this is where the drum beat should begin. This will show the audience that something is about to happen but not clear on what will. When Mrs Johnstone walks down the aisle towards the boys the drum beat should increase in tempo, and then suddenly stop when she stops. Then absolute silence as she looks at both of her children and suddenly the out burst from Mickey; Go away MamMam you go away from here. She refuses then suddenly the sympathy for his mother turns to anger as Mickey gets frustrated by shouting; Mam! Here the music should go bang! (or even a very loud noise) where the outburst shocks the audience. This is where the scene should end. .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 , .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .postImageUrl , .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 , .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52:hover , .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52:visited , .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52:active { border:0!important; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52:active , .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52 .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65702e3245e15a9331c2a18174adce52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Essay PaperThe final scene should be the most effective since it is this where everything changes. When Mrs Johnstone comes out into the blue about Mickey and Edward here is where the music stops as if even the musicians are surprised the timing of the information. Then from deep inside him the truth came out, this would be shown if he was spotlighted and singled out from the other two. The spotlight would stay in him until he completes his speech and then the gunshot, this will also happen while hes in the spotlight, he will also be shot by the policemen in the spotlight until he finally dies and falls to the ground as soon as he hits the ground is where the spotlig ht comes off him and u see the damage caused him and his brother both lying on the floor side by side and a gun in between them and blood flowing out. While the gun battle was happening I would have a smoke machine running so that the damage would look catastrophic. For the next bit I think that any slow music would work well. In my opinion the music wouldnt be effective but the lyrics of the song make all the difference. Slowly as Mrs Johnstone and Company walk around the two bodies singing. End  To conclude this essay I have shown my way of getting the audience involved in the play. When I say involved I mean for them to feel not just watch the play and to take it away with them. The lighting, sound would all make the changes and the changes for the better.

Impact of Religion on Politics

In my opinion, there is a need for citizens to pay a keen attention to the opinions of religious individuals and religious politicians as they vocalize them. My take is that not all religious politicians are radical. At least there are some who make sense. There is a need for the state to separate from the church. It is also worth noting that majority of the laws are founded on religious scriptures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Religion on Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Libertarians, how long a free society lasts is dependent on the will of the citizens to remain free. In my opinion, the constitution can be designed to promote termination of societal decay. However, people have to remain dedicated to freedom. My take is that a fair political structure is useful in ensuring a free society. However, a political structure is not the only ingredient (Johnstone 100). It is worth no ting that the effectiveness of a political structure is also dependent on the wider cultural and social perspective. In essence, culture is significant in ensuring a free society. According to Aelfred, religion is a powerful tool in shaping an evil or good culture. According to conservatives, a solid religious society is necessary for adherence to liberty ideals. Particularly, conservatives maintain that religion has two benefits. First, it is the basis for individual accountability and moral character, which ensures citizens who are self- reliant, disciplined, and straightforward. Such citizens have a concern for their neighbours, and a keen regard for government coercion. Second, religion provides God’s authority in the place of State authority. As such, religion acts as the measure for governmental aggrandizement (Johnstone 83). I suggest that a government composed of a free society should regularly ensure active measures, that strengthen and enhance religion. However, a s ociety where the nation’s strong-arm power promotes particular religious opinions is never free. Therefore, if religion has to be included in politics, it has to be on a voluntary basis. This is because coercion eliminates the aspect of freedom. It is worth emphasizing that religion has taken a significant place in politics. For instance, President Obama had to consent to particular religious rules before becoming the president. For example, irrespective of his stand on abortion, he had to consent that federal funds would not be directed towards abortion. My take is that if true believers are involved intimately in politics, risks are likely to arise. The Americans had to embrace a novel mandate during the presidential election. There has been a historic association between ideology and politics (Johnstone 140). According to me, the Catholic Church has been participating actively in politics. This has persuaded citizens and politicians to comply to ideological platforms, that are more holy. To me, this is a wrong move, since the rights of democracy are eroded.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is worth emphasizing that it is difficult to make a clear distinction between the government and religion. In addition, the church has always had a natural influence and concern in political issues. When America considered amending the Constitution, the Bills of Rights had it that the law will respect religion. Conservative Christians draw their rules from the Bible, while secular progressives depend on human wisdom. In essence, religion should play a role in politics. In the absence of control from religion, governments and states would become extremely rotten. Religion should act as the control. Religious Fundamentalism Religious fundamentalism refers to an opinion or movement, whose main feature is rigid adherence to fundamental principles, strong secularism opposition, and intolerance to alternative views. The movement arose from the United States during the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century, and it is exceptionally organized. The movement strongly opposes secularism and Protestant Liberalism, and emphasizes that the Scripture is inerrant (Johnstone 234). In the US, the term religious fundamentalism was used to define a Protestant community that practised fundamental values. It is worth noting that these fundamental values were against the modern values. According to the group, it was imperative to go by what the Bible said. The Bible, therefore, was the foundation of their faith. In my opinion, religious fundamentalism has been extremely prevalent in communities. Today, people who focus on religious fundamentalism regard it as the answer to the present society. My take is that societies have changed greatly, whereby it is extremely difficult to comprehend them. In addition, if the familia r things are transformed, people feel very insecure. Most times, people turn to religion to assess things that never change. In addition, they seek rules on living which remain constant. In essence, most people regard religion as the only thing that never transforms. In my opinion, when people regard religion in this manner, they also regard religious ideas as complete. As such, it is extremely impossible for them to transform. In my view, when people regard religion as absolute, this turns out as fundamentalism (Johnstone 12). Therefore, fundamentalism can be present in any religion. It is worth noting that sometimes, religious fundamentalists disregard this name because it has alternative meanings. The name is associated with negative opinions, which makes fundamentalists avoid it. Some of the negative opinions include disrespect for human rights, and that they are uneducated and unclever. Some people use the name Christian fundamentalists, since the name religious fundamentalists also include the Hindus and Muslims.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Religion on Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my opinion, religious fundamentalists may differ in the things they believe in. However, there are a number of issues in which solid beliefs are shared. It is worth emphasizing that these issues are the same in a wide array of religions. Some of the concerns include science, contraception, fornication, feminism, homosexuality, abortion, teaching students about religion in schools, and religion as the foundation of laws. All fundamentalists have a keen concern for sexual behaviour, particularly in regard to the opposition and fear of homosexuality. Moreover, they consent that there is a need to control female sexuality (Johnstone 40). A distinct and impassable boundary is necessary between the male and female. The order in patriarchal families controls sexuality. Women are assoc iated with particular roles. In Christian and Islamic writings, there is a concern that men might be led to become similar to women. Christian fundamentalists believe that authority and law are derived from God. Therefore, the law of God is greater than the law formulated by man. All religious fundamentalists believe in the Holy book and a single sincere religion, which should be protected from any form of secularism and opposition. Considering that there is a single true way, it is always under constant threat. As such, religious fundamentalists have a keen interest in protecting their way of life. Works Cited Johnstone, Ronald. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. New York: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. This essay on Impact of Religion on Politics was written and submitted by user Cedric Buchanan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effects Of the Plague essays

Effects Of the Plague essays In October 1347 several merchant ship returned to Sicily carrying more than just the usual goods. Aboard their ships was the plague. Several men were already infected with the plague and as soon as they stepped foot off the ship it spread like wildfire. Traveling through all of Europe the plague wiped out one third of Europes population in a mere five years. The plague did not disappear until the 1600s, even then people still feared the Black Death. With this epidemic also came change in every aspect of life. During the time of the plague people had no idea what to do. Some thought that barring their doors and staying away from all other people could protect them from the plague. Others thought that moving to the county, away from civilization, would protect them. None of these ideas worked unfortunately. People with the plague were left to die and people who didnt have the plague stayed away from all other people. This separation made living impossible, which caused the plague to flourish. When the worst was over and people started to come back together, things were not the same. People still feared the plague and were a little leery to return to normal living. Eventually, the survivors came out of their holes and tried to move on. One survivor of the Black Death was Geoffrey Chaucer. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales he writes of pilgrims who all take their place in society. Most, if not all, of the pilgrims were created or affected by some aspect of the plague. Each pilgrim to ld one story on the way to Canterbury. Their stories include such topics as the church, stratification, and business. Many religious leaders and churches believed that the plague was punishment for the sinful lives that the men and women of the time were leading. The clergy said to evade the plague you must ask for help from God and ask for forgiveness of your sins. However, the common people felt like the church had...

International Scholarship Candidates Selection Essay

International Scholarship Candidates Selection - Essay Example Further, RasGas may choose candidates who will fail to complete their chosen educational programs and create a sunk cost loss for RasGas. The use of an objective rating scale linked to organizational goals and future performance can limit these potential losses and increase the chances of securing productive employees post graduation. In order to create a winning proposition, one of the focus areas for RasGas is the 'development of its employees and the organisation', which can only be realized when the company is in a position to objectively rate the performances. Motivational factors arouse a need, propelling a person to channelise his efforts and energies in the direction of fulfilling those needs. These needs are aroused in the employee of an organization to increase the output, provide quality, increase efficiency, maintain industrial peace etc. An effective management must understand the fact that there are at least two ways by which the behavior of employees could be directed towards the productive pursuits in the organization. One is by changing the personality, i.e. the internal psychological structures of the person, which is a long-drawn and uncertain process. Another strategy is to modify the characteristics of the situation prevailing around the employees. These situational factors have tremendous influence in shaping one's personality. Providing suitable ambience and opportunities for career development and education hold the key in setting the process in motion. 2. Aim: To design a Success Predictability Scale for scholarship candidates Objectives: Analysis of the present policies of RasGas to encourage the talent. Analysis of the levels of motivation and urge for pursuing higher studies amongst the existing staff by conducting interviews and by observing them on the job. Analysis of the internal reports and other data about RasGas available in the public domain. Establishing a documentary link between scholarship awards and degree fields that supports the long-term goals and objectives of the organization. 3. Benefits to the Organization: The benefits to RasGas for using an objective success potential scale linked to organizational objectives for scholarship candidates are: Enhance the reward potential of opportunity costs associated with a scholarship candidate. Lower potential and actual economic losses associated with the scholarship program. Increase the chances of successful degree completion by scholarship candidates. Saving of as much as $500,000 US on candidates who are less likely to complete their assigned programs and make contributions to the organization that exceed the organization's investment in their education. Motivated employees, who in turn help the company more efficient and competitive. Motivation and encouragement leads to lesser attrition rates and turnover ratios, which in turn saves lots of costs associated with recruiting a team of new person time and time again. RasGas considers its workforce as one of its greatest assets and with people from over 36 different nationalities working together within the organisation, encouraging career development

What is Hegel's critique of Kant in Reason as Testing Laws Is Hegel Essay

What is Hegel's critique of Kant in Reason as Testing Laws Is Hegel fair to Kant - Essay Example For Kant the categorical imperative is important mainly because it "determines the will independently of the sensuous motives of which ordinary moral deliberation is suspect."2 Therefore for him there is a marked difference between acting honestly for ones own sake and acting honestly with the belief that truth is a "universal requirement" the latter of which relates to categorical imperative.3 For Kant duty requires more than the universal form of action and he brings out these ideas and notions of the categorical imperative which Kant claims are "merely so many formulations of precisely the same law."Also for him the categorical imperative contains an end which functions as the single limiting condition of moral action. 4 Thus in his book the Formula of the End, Kant says "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end" Kant goes on to clarify further that if humans are to be treated as "ends in themselves" then each individual should be allowed to choose their own ends at the same time. Furthermore he claims that misleading someone (by lying to them) for a particular Design is the way of using that other person as means rather than an end. Therefore the assertion not to treat humanity as a means but an end, i.e. when they choose to help you themselves. Hegel's criticism of Kant Hegel has made some interesting criticisms of the emptiness that seems to surround the Categorical Imperative when he says that "The criterion of law which Reason possesses within itself, fits every case equally well, and is thus in fact no criterion at all."5 However in the... What is Hegel's critique of Kant in "Reason as Testing Laws† Is Hegel fair to Kant? For Hegel this idea is fruitless in many respects as he thinks that even immoral behaviour would qualify under the test given by Kant' and that there no formulation of a universal set of duties .Thus Hegel's criticism of Kant largely concerns Kant's so called formalism as has been discussed by Julian. Before discussing Hegel's critique of Kant it would be useful to explain the ideas of Kant who expresses interest in the relationship between reason and experience. For Kant knowledge begins with experience in a rather chronological sense. For Kant empirical knowledge should be a "compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our faculty of cognition supplies from itself". And that reason should become the tool that isolates knowledge from everything empirical from it. Julian has pointed out that Hegel believes that Kant’s idea of a duty does not produce an â€Å"immanent list of duties;†. To be fair this is not one of Kant's objectives at all and it can be safely said that Hegel is missing the point of Kant’s claim, because devising such a list is not possible at all due to people’s differing notions of what morality or duties should be like.In this regard I would like to give the example of local conventions in certain areas. The notion of hospitality in Asian countries allows anyone to be welcome in another’s house and there is hardly any concept of â€Å"unauthorized entrance† as in the case of western countries.

Principles and Practice of Social Work - Theoretical Assignment Essay

Principles and Practice of Social Work - Theoretical Assignment - Essay Example On one hand, an individual’s activities have an effect on other people that interact with him or her, and in turn, the actions of others affect him; the total effect of their actions is evident in the society. On the other hand, society affects the individuals in it, expecting them to do according to its demands. By so doing, society ensures its survival by making its various components live together in harmony, and individuals build their society by interacting with each other constructively (Berberoglu 2005; Baert and Silva 2010). The role of a social worker is to use social work values, principles, and methods for counselling, helping a society or a community help itself or individuals in it; acting as the agent that maintains balance in society. For instance, a social worker would be involved in the provision and improvement of social, health, and legislative services. The principles of social work include, acceptance, affirming individuality, purposeful expression of feelings, non-judgementalism, objectivity, controlled emotional involvement, self-determination, and confidentiality. According to Ritzer and Goodman (2004), social work is the art and science of identifying conflicts in society analysing them, and using the various available theories on society to come up with possible solutions. However, the work of a social worker does not end at identifying and recommending solutions, it extends using the recommendations to solve the conflict at hand practically. Therefore, a social worker is an essential component of a society that acts as a bridge between the needs of an individual and those of the society, by ensuring that individual do not suffer in silence due to the pressure of society expectations. The aim of this essay is to identify two social work theories, relate them to social work principles and relate them to domestic violence, in addition to discussing power imbalances, between the social worker and his or

What is a long-loop reflex?

What is a long-loop reflex? A rapid stretch of a voluntarily contracting muscle evokes electromyographic (EMG) responses at various latencies, as described by Loo, K. McCloskey, D. (1985). Response latency measures the time delay between a perturbation and response, the response is typically greater in a stretch than a jolt as found by Lee and Tatton (1975) who also proposed that there are typically 3 responses to a muscle stretch namely M1, M2 and M3. The first, M1, represents the short latency involuntary monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex involving primary afferents. M2 represents the delayed response corresponding to the, perhaps transcortical, long loop reflex response and M3 represents the latency for a voluntary response mediated by the cerebellum. These 3 distinct responses can be displayed graphically, as shown in figure 1. From analyzing figure 1 we can see that, using the terminology introduced by Lee Tatton (1985), M1 is the response seen approximately 45-60ms after the perturbation, M2 represents the increase in EMG activity 60-90ms after the perturbation and the increase in EMG activity between a latency of 90-110ms is termed M3. Any response with a latency of greater than 110ms is a voluntary response and is not considered to be a reflex response. These findings have been widely accepted and are frequently cited in later studies, for example in the study by Thilmann, A. F., Schwartz, M., Topper, R. Fellows, S.J. and Noth, J. (1991). Suminski, A.J., Rao, S.M., Mosier, K.M. and Scheidt, R.A. (2007) made a similar discovery finding short latency responses arising from monosynaptic reflexes, consistent with the latency of the M1 response. Petersen, N., Christensen, L., Morita, H., Sinkjà ²r, T. and Nielsen, J. (1998) showed that ankle dorsiflexors typically show an M3 response. More interestingly, this paper also claims that the M2 response in the upper limb seems to correspond with the M3 response in the lower limbs. According to Corden,  D.M., Lippold,  O.C.J., Buchanan, K. and Norrington, C. (2000), the second component of the stretch reflex response, M2, was first discovered by  Hammond (1955) who believes that the long latency is due to the long loop reflex travelling the extra distance to the cortex. Hammond (1956) studied the EMG response in the bicep muscle and found that the earliest voluntary muscle activation in response to mechanical taps occur after 90-100ms which contradicts with the later findings from Lee Tatton (1975) who claim voluntary response represents latencies greater than 110ms. This raises the possibility that the long loop reflex may have voluntary input. There have been many studies carried out investigating if the long-loop reflex is mediated by transcortical pathways. Logically, one would expect reflexes to be a hard-wired response and voluntary movement to have variation in responses. However, Evarts and Fromm (1981) provides evidence suggesting variability in their study of the wrist position. They concluded that the long loop reflex gives a pathway for the motor cortex to initiate closed loop feedback control to the flexors and extensors of the wrist. It can be argued that long latency responses fit both voluntary and reflex criteria. Arthur Prochazka, for one example, took particular interest in ambiguity for the correct definition of a reflex. For instance, is it regarded as a response which happens too quickly for the brain to notice, in which case, the M2 response would not be classed as a reflex since it is of long latency, or can it be defined as an involuntary response, in which case, the M2 response would be classed as a reflex since it occurs below the time threshold for it to be a voluntary action and occurs without any conscious awareness of the movement. If the long loop reflex goes via the motor cortex, it could be influenced voluntarily. A notable study by Loo McCloskey (1985) proposed that long loop reflexes are variable. This report studied the EMG responses of the flexor pollicis longus when a stretch was applied to the thumb-tip. The subject was required to initially have the muscle in a fixed, contracting state generating a constant force to give a baseline EMG to compare any results found against. Their results showed that, in the isometric holding task, all participants of the study could significantly alter the long latency responses to a stretch with some subjects recording up to 95% reduction in EMG activity when instructed to let go as opposed to resist. This indicates that motor set has an influence on the long loop reflex. Although the results for the isometric tracking, isotonic tracking and weight lifting tasks were less convincing, they still showed the ability to decrease EMG activity when told to let go not resis t, contradicting previously claimed results from Marsden et al (1976) which suggested that prior instructions had no influence on EMG responses. When the thumb was anaesthetised, there was no evidence of abolishment of the long latency EMG response, contrary to what was noted by Marsden, Merton Morton (1971). However, Loo McCloskey (1985) found there was a significant linear correlation between the percentage increase in perceived heaviness and the percentage reduction in long latency reflex. This study provides us with defining results, however, not all subjects performed all tests and not all results were significant so there still remains room for debate. Long loop reflexes were found to be abolished or depressed by lesions to the pathways to and from the cerebral cortex, again, giving the view that the long loop reflex does take a transcortical pathway. Matthews, P. B., Farmer, S. F. Ingram, D. A. (1990) also concluded from their study on the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements that long loop reflexes are mediated transcortically. The long loop reflex, it has been suggested, has a slower onset due to the longer route the reflex has to take. A monosynaptic spinal reflex arc is clearly a shorter route than the long loop reflex which, as some evidence shows, could go via the cortex. In a previous study, Hammond (1954) suggests the main feasible explanations for the delayed M2 response could be due to the longer neural pathway it takes or that the neurones involved are slower conducting. Matthews (1984) discovered the same findings as he suggested in his paper that the M2 response is mediated by muscle spindle secondary endings which by nature are slower conducting afferents. Corna, S., Grasso, M., Nardone, A. and Schieppati, M. (1995) also concluded that M2 response in the ankle muscles is mediated by group II afferents. Marsden, C., Merton, P., and Morton, H., (1976) argued that the long loop reflex could not be altered by the motor set and hence concluded that the response was more likely to be a reflex respons e than voluntarily response. However, as pointed out by Loo McCloskey (1985), the subjects of the experiment were in fact the researchers themselves, hence, the results may be bias because sub-consciously they are aware of the experiment and what is going to happen and already have a prediction of what they want to happen. Rothwell, Traub and Marsden (1980) also suggested that long loop reflexes are not variable. Gassel (1970) claims that long loop reflexes occur predominantly with stimulation of cutaneous nerves or dorsal roots. To this end, Marsden et al. (1978) studied the stretch reflex response in the human flexor pollicis longus, which when stimulated, results in flexion of the thumb. If this muscle is stabilized, for example, fixed in plasticine, then cutaneous nerve activity can be detected. It is proposed that long loop reflexes going via the motor cortex, have become progressively more important in effective motor control of motor skills. There is an initial judgement of the required strength of the muscle contractions needed before any specific movement. Any error in the estimate will result in the activation of the muscle spindle receptors and will result in a corrective long loop reflex, which causes an appropriate change in the signals from the motor cortex, correcting the response of the movement. This happens with a latency of less than 50 msec. This is about 70msec for lower limbs. This corrective compensation is automatic and unconscious. The pathways for 1a receptors up to the motor cortex and hence participation in long loop reflexes have been recognized in mammals such as the cat (Landgren, 1984). Clarac, F. (2005) suggests that the long loop reflexes play an important role in the adaptation of flexors and extensors and hence are useful in posture and moveme nt. He also suggests that they are involved in the mechanisms for anticipating movement, which supports the evidence of a transcortical route since there is input from the brain. Shemmell, J., An, J.H. and Perreault, E.J. (2009) claim transcortical long-loop reflexes are useful in adding flexibility to the human stretch reflex allowing adaptation to a wider range of functional tasks. They also highlight in their report that reflex sensitivity is increased in unstable environments. This study also provides evidence supporting the transcortical route of the long loop reflex since, similar to the findings of Loo McCloskey (1985), if the subject was given instruction prior to the perturbation, the long-loop reflex provides the ability to achieve the desired result even if this is contrary to the stabilizing response you would expect. Their study concludes that stretch reflex modulation in tasks that require changes in limb stability is mediated by motor cortical pathways, and that these differ from pathways contributing to reflex modulation that depend on how the subject is instructed to react to an imposed perturbation. The experiment went on to observe the eff ects of using transcranial magnetic stimulation to create a cortical silent period whereby the muscle stretch was timed so that the M2 response of the stretch reflex occurred during this silent phase. As a result of this, the idea that reflex sensitivity could be increased when in a stable environment was abolished. The reflex responses seen from altered task instruction was found to be not influenced by cortical silence. These results demonstrate that task-dependent changes in reflex function can be mediated through multiple neural pathways and that these pathways have task-specific roles. More recently, Petersen, N. et al. (1998) investigated the possibility of a transcortical pathway by applying stretch to ankle dorsiflexors and recording the EMG signals. In the introduction, Peterson et al. (1998) states that it is widely accepted, for muscles in the distal upper limb, for the long-loop reflex (M2) to be mediated by a transcortical reflex pathway. There is little evidence showin g the same result in proximal and lower limb muscles. Thilmann et al. (1991) found that the M2 response showed no significant change in proximal and lower limb muscles after lesions of supraspinal pathways whereas the M2 responses disappeared in hand muscles after the same lesion. A more clinical approach by Diener, H., Dichgans, J., Hà ¼lser, P.-J., Buettner, U.-W., Bacher, M.  and Guschbauer, B. (1984) suggests the long loop reflex is useful in diagnosing multiple sclerosis. Their results showed that 69% of the patients who have multiple sclerosis have a significantly longer M3 latency response in the antagonistic anterior tibial muscle. This increased delay in M3 response suggests demyelination of the neurones and they concluded that their results support evidence that the long loop reflex is mediated by a transcortical pathway. Figure 1: Clarac , F (2005)  The History of Reflexes Part 2: From Sherrington to 2004,  IBRO History of Neuroscience Corden,  D.M., Lippold,  O.C.J., Buchanan, K. and Norrington, C. (2000) Long-Latency Component of the Stretch Reflex in Human Muscle is Not Mediated by Intramuscular Stretch Receptors. Applied Journal of Physiology. 84(1). 184-188. Corna, S., Grasso, M., Nardone, A. Schieppati, M. (1995) Selective depression of medium-latency leg and foot muscle responses to stretch by an aÃŽÂ ¼-agonist in humans. Journal of Physiology. 484. 803-809. Diener, H.C., Dichgans, J., Hà ¼lser, P.J., Buettner, U.W., Bacher, M.  and Guschbauer, B. (1984) The significance of delayed long-loop responses to ankle displacement for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 57(4). 336-342. Fromm. C., Evarts, E. (1981). Relation of Size and Activity of Motor Cortex Pyramidal Tract neurons during Skilled Movements in the Monkey. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1(5), 453-460. Gassel, M. (1970) A critical review of evidence concerning long-loop reflexes excited by muscle afferents in man. Journal Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatrics. 33. 358-362. Hammond, P. H. (1954) Involuntary activity in biceps following the sudden application of velocity to the abducted forearm. Journal of Physiology. 127, 23. Lee, R. G. Tatton W. G, (1975) Motor responses to sudden limb displacements in primates with specific CNS lesions and in human patients with motor system disorders. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2, 285-293. Loo, C.K.C. McCloskey, D.I. (1985) Effects of prior instruction and anaesthesia on long-latency responses to stretch in the long flexor of the human thumb. Journal of physiology, 365, 285-296 Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1976) Servo action in the human thumb. Journal of physiology. 257. 1-44. Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1978) Anticipatory postural responses in the human subject. Journal of Physiology.  275. 47-48. Marsden, C. D., Merton, P. A., and Morton, H.B. (1981) Human postural responses. Brain. 104. 513-534. Matthews, P. B., Farmer, S. F. Ingram, D. A. (1990) On the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements. Journal of Physiology. 428. 561-577. Petersen, N., Christensen, L.O.D., Morita, H., Sinkjà ²r, T. and Nielsen, J. (1998) Evidence that a transcortical pathway contributes to stretch reflexes in the tibialis anterior muscle in man. Journal of Physiology. 512(1). 267-276. Shemmell, J., An, J.H. and Perreault, E.J. (2009) The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation Induced by Changes in Environmental Mechanics and Verbal Instruction, The Journal of Neuroscience. 29(42). 13255-13263. Suminski, A.J., Rao, S.M., Mosier, K.M. and Scheidt, R.A. (2007) Neural and electromyographic correlates of wrist posture control. Journal of Neurophysiology. 97. 1527-1545. Thilmann, A.F., Schwarz, M., Topper, R., Fellows, S.J. and Noth, J. (1991) Different Mechanisms Underlie the Long-Latency Stretch Reflex Response of Active Human Muscle at Different Joints. Journal of Physiology. 444. 631-643.

Going to the Territory :: Going to the Territory Essays

Going to the Territory    Ralph Ellison’s essay â€Å"Going to the Territory† is truly a definition of American culture.   Ellison’s essay is a description of his journey from Oklahoma to Brown University and along the way he uncovers truths about the way Americans selectively acknowledge their history and ignore important aspects of their culture and let them fester into an uncontrollable problem.   Ellison had a connection to Brown University before he even made it out of grammar school.   His principal was the first colored man to graduate from Brown and Ellison received an award in memorial to Dr. Inman Page, Ellison’s grammar school principal.   It is through his time spent at Brown and his journey there that he realizes that American culture is based upon what people choose to hear and see.   â€Å"Considering the ironic fact that Americans continue to find themselves stumbling into (as well as over) details of their history, tonight’s is a most American occasion†¦At any rate, in the two hundreds years of our existence  Ã‚  Ã‚   a great deal has been overlooked or forgotten† (123).   Ellison says that Americans ignore the social problems of our country, which results in the problems growing out of control.   Race is one of these problems.   According to Ellison, race is a result of people’s personal interests.   People are so self interested that they look past the pressing issues of today.   â€Å"Our unknown history doesn’t stop having consequences each though we ignore them† (133).   Because we as Americans ignored such issues as racial inequality- in that the debt Americans owe the black community is not repayable.   We think that by instituting laws to make all persons equal is enough, but this equality is never achieved, but looked past as though it is fine.   Ellison speaks of Black culture as being imitated and mimicked by many non-white citizens.   He mentions Europeans dancing like the Negroes, and how they other members of society find it absurd for them to behave in such a way.   These people are subject to the prejudices of those who have overlooked the instances of inequality in the past.   Today, people who pose as Blacks are subject to much scrutiny and discrimination.   They are termed â€Å"wiggers† and and are often seen as offensive.   Ellison thought that this mimicking behavior was okay and acceptable.

The Antibiotics Self Medication Health And Social Care Essay

Background: self medicine with antibiotics is devouring drugs to handle self diagnosed infection without confer withing doctors which is broad spread abuse of antibiotics in developing states. Purpose: this survey purpose to measure the prevalence of behavioural abuse of antibiotics by self medicine among wellness professional pupils in J.U.S.T, and to measure the association between ego aa‚ ¬ † medicine and doing factors. Design: across-sectional design will utilize. Method: random sample of 400 pupils in J.U.S.T university, selected from 4th twelvemonth degree in modules of ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) , validated questionnaire will used to roll up informations, pilot survey sample ( 40 pupils ) , informations analysis through statistical bundle of societal scientific discipline ( SPSS ) . Decision: the determination will supply of import informations about prevalence of abuse of medicine among the four groups ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, nurse ) , which will be of import in understanding the wellness load of the development of antibacterial opposition.IntroductionA important addition in the mortality and morbidity rate of antecedently treatable infections disease due to the outgrowth of opposition among infective and common bacterium. This turning opposition to antibiotics represents a planetary menace to human sort. The major job of antibiotics self medicine is the outgrowth of opposition which means the effectivity of antibiotics will worsen and therefore infections turned to be more hard and really expensive to handle and epidemics become harder to command ( WHO report, 2005 ) ( reka bisht, 2009 ) . Further, other serious side consequence may develop like harm to some critical organ like kidney and liver, and devastation of normal vegetations in the organic structure. The purpose of this survey is to look into the prevalence of behavioural abuse of antibiotics by self medicine without prescription and its part to antibacterial opposition among wellness professional pupils at J.U.S.T university, and compare the consequence with similar surveies. In Jordan, no much behavioral based survey was conducted. One of these survey conducted by Al-Bakri et Al ( 2005 ) to measure beginnings, form and rightness of antibacterial drugs ingestion within the Jordanian population? ? ? ? ? All other surveies carried in Jordan were based on community, wellness establishment, or infirmary scene? ? ? ? ? ? ? .Literature reappraisalThe old surveies defined self medicine as consuming of drugs without reding from their doctors or use of any medicine for ego intervention without audience of wellness attention professions ( sharrif, 2011 ) .Study designA cross-sectional survey will be conducted to look into the magnitude of antibiotic abuse and to measure the most likely causation factors act uponing this behaviour among wellness professional pupils in ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) . This descriptive exploratory survey will be performed utilizing a self-administered questionnaire.Population and sampleA convenient random choice of pupils will be performed to transport out the survey. The sample choice will be will be from all pupils in 4th specializer to be chosen every other pupil. This indiscriminately selected sample is considered homogen eous with regard to their age ( 4th twelvemonth degree pupils ) , educational degree, and wellness professions. Data will be collected from the pupils during their presence in their regular categories at the beginning of the 2nd semester in 2013. A entire figure of 400 questionnaires will be distributed on pupils in 4th specializer.PutingThe survey will be conducted in an academic based puting on 4th twelvemonth degree pupils of the 4th wellness co-workers ( medical specialty, dental medicine, pharmaceutics, and nursing ) at Jordan university of scientific discipline and engineering.Data aggregationA pre-designed structured questionnaire in Arabic linguistic communication will be used to roll up the information on ego medicine with antibiotic from the survey population. The questionnaire will be pre-tested on a little pilot population ( 40 pupils ) , from every specializer to find the diction and format of the questionnaire, completeness of response, the clip needed to finish the si gnifier. After that the questionnaire will be modified consequently. University administrative blessing will be obtained ( IRB ) to ease the distribution of the questionnaire. At the beginning of the questionnaire, the intent of the survey will be explained and so the pupils will be asked to reply all inquiries. Consequently, demographic informations such as name, age, gender, reference, and forte co-worker will be followed. The questionnaire will dwell of structured unfastened and closed terminal inquiries and multiple response inquiries, the informations will be classified into point, which in bend will be given codifications used for intent of computing machine informations entry. The questionnaire will distributed to pupils at the terminal of their talk after informing and obtaining consent of the teaching staff and so collected after completion clip ( the clip will find related to fly survey ) . The response rate will be 100 % .Statistical analysisData will be analyzed by utili zing SPSS, descriptive analysis will be conducted. Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics will be reported as per centum. Categorical information will be presented as frequence of happening and will be analyzed by chi-square trial. Continuous informations will be presented as mean and standard divergence and will be analyzed by pupil t-test. The P value of less than 0.05 was considered important at the 0.05 degree.RestrictionFirst, our topic will be drawn from health-professional pupils instead than other specializer. Second, the age distribution of the sample population will be different from the age distribution from general distribution of Jordan. Further surveies are needed to affect wider scope of ages to find the magnitude of self-medication abuse of antibiotics in the general population. Third, this is a retrospective survey, some prejudice might go on when the pupil have to retrieve how many times, continuance of intervention, besides should retrieve the name of antibiotics have been taken in old 12 months. Fourth, the questionnaire will be administered to pupils during their presence in their regular category. So, pupils may impact each other ‘s replies to inquiry, in malice of research worker ‘s instructions. What are anticipating to happen out is: Antibiotics self medicine without prescription is extremely prevalence among wellness professional pupils. Uncontrolled purchase of antibiotics from pharmaceuticss ( over the counter ) without prescription, and handiness of antibiotics at place ( remnant ) are the most common beginning of self medicine. Upper respiratory piece of land infection is the major wellness jobs reported to be treated by antibiotics self-medication. The fiscal factors plays a function in choosing the type and the sum of antibiotics by self medicine individual.

mainframes and pcs essays

mainframes and pc's essays Mainframes were conceived from an idea from Charles Babbage, however it would be seventy years later. Under the direction of Howard Aiken in 1941 Harvard University developed the Mark I Calculator. Within five years the Mark I Calculator was outdone by the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) developed at the University of Pennsylvania. The ENIAC was introduced as the first digital computer, and could compute up to 5000 times faster than any previously introduced computer. The ENIAC did not go over well due to the high initial cost and the high ongoing maintenance costs. Financial backing from the US Census Bureau led the same developers of the ENIAC to design the BINAC. The BINAC helped to calculate the 1950s census which produced enough capital for J.P. Eckert and John Mauchly to begin work on the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC.) However, due to financial trouble again Eckert and Mauchly sold the UNIVAC to Remington Rand. Remington Rands substantial finances lead to the completion of the UNIVAC and was delivered to the US Census Bureau in 1951. The UNIVAC was the first computer that utilized stored memory and did not require constant attention from engineers. In the mid and late 1950s several milestones are reached in the computing industry. IBM sales their first commercial computer, the first transistorized computer (TX-O) was completed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, development of two important computer programming languages Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) and List Processor (LISP.) Almost thirty years later the personal computer (PC) will start being introduced. It was 1975 when MITS Altair the first 8080 based kit computer was introduced followed by the Imsai 8080. There were few other models that showed up but it was the Apple II introduced in April of 1977 that was dubbed the first true personal computer. The Apple II was ...

Northern Home For Boys Essays - Porter-Leath, Medical Health Care

Northern Home For Boys Essays - Porter-Leath, Medical Health Care Northern Home for Boys Northern Home for Boys was first known as Northern Home for Friendless Children, which was founded in 1853 by Elizabeth Rutter. The home was dedicated to serving children in distress. Today the home serves neglected and abused boys who are referred through Children and Youth Agencies of Philadelphia and Delaware Counties. Northern Homes is one of the oldest facilities for children. The home offers on ground school, educational and recreational programs, social workers, child care worker, medical/health care and psychological/psychiatric services. I had the pleasure of meeting with Ms. Gale Hite, who escorted me through the various buildings, which house boys between the ages of 10 and 18. The average stay is 2 years. The mission of this facility is to reunite the boys with their families and to provide them with the essentials needed for becoming productive members of society. To accomplish these goals the boys are first welcomed into the facility by the Welcoming Committee. This committee consists of one boy from each unit. When a new boy is admitted he is assigned a buddy for two weeks to assist him in becoming familiar with the other residents. A Social Worker is assigned to each boy and his family. The responsibility of the Social Worker is to coordinate treatment services for the child and family. Individual counseling is provided weekly and group counseling four times a week. Establishing goals and reviewing levels of achieving goals are discussed on group level. Family counseling is provided on a family by family basis. Within the first 30 days of acceptance into the home an Individual Service Plan is developed. Goals, specific activities, services, the persons responsible for delivering these services and a time limited is stated in the ISP. A schedule of the child?s visits with parents is also included in this document. The parents or guardian and a representative for the placing agency is afforded the opportunity to participate in the development of the ISP. The ISP is reviewed every six months to determine progress in achieving the goals. All participates are invited to the review. This facility also offers the level system, which consist of providing a consistent positive framework for setting limits in an age and behavior appropriate manner. The levels program allows room for development within safe guidelines. Positive contribution to the Northern Home?s community, school attendance and performance, and the child?s individual and group goals are weighted equally in the level program. Each group meets nightly to evaluate the progress around individual and group goals. These meetings help the boys understand each other and to stimulate the group into feeling successful. There are five levels in the program, probation, 1, 2,3 and independent. Probationary period is for one week providing intense focus on a child experiencing a critical time in placement. Boys on the first four levels will use a daily point chart. Each night this chart will be added up. The total points for the previous week will determine the child?s current level, allowance and other privileges. A child must earn the number of points required to maintain that level for three consecutive weeks in order to move to the next level. Movement down a level occurs immediately when appropriate points are not maintained for the week. Movement down is one level at a time. Life skills are introduced in the independent level. The boys attend classes that teach them how to budget their money, shop, and to help them to become independent adults. A Sexuality Course is included for the purpose of family planning. Another positive reinforcement is the point system. Each day the boys start their day with 5 points. The boys lose point by misbehaving in school, which is judged by the teacher. All points retained each day will be added up at the end of the week and the boys have the opportunity to use their points in purchasing sportswear and school supplies from the school store. Home visits are an essential ingredient of the overall Residential Treatment Program. A child is not permitted to visit home until it is established to be a safe environment. Approval is given by the DHS. Once it is established that the home is safe the child can

Military leadership Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Military leadership - Thesis Example The strategic planning will be discussed to progress the relations between the civil government and armed troops in a right direction for the betterment of the nation. The root-causes of the problems in civil-military relations and their solutions will be proposed in depth. The boundaries of the research cover various aspects of the civil-military relationships in the light of facts and figures. This study is based on the directions in research practiced in the past and proposed improvements in them. Positive relationships between the government and the military are quite necessary for the successful running of the country affairs. The set of skills required to manage the issues and activities of the military bodies are possessed by civil government mostly. This is due to the fact that civil government is directly linked with the other agencies as well as foreign organizations. All the top positions in the ruling body as possessed by the civilians that have good insight into the current issues of the country. There could be two types of governments in a country. The government that carries armed men in critical positions dictating the terms for army and defense issues and the other type of government contains the civilians in the important positions in the government that manage all the issues of the army and defense. Our focus will be on the first type of government and the strategies formulated by such a government in establishing the civil-military relations on good grounds. This practice is seen in most of the leading countries in the world like China. The leaders of the nation often give high weight to the civil management of the armed forces. It is a well known fact that the guns are meant for firing only. You need a cool head to aim them though. Civil governments play their effective role in guiding the path for the armed forces. One of

Companies have always found it hard to balance pressing operational Essay

Companies have always found it hard to balance pressing operational concerns with long-term strategic priorities,DISCUSS - Essay Example This may be due to various reasons and mangers are often at the cross roads. Assigning priorities and making decisions becomes a challenge for the business managers when they have to decide what are the sacrifices that have to be made to get along in business. Hence, this essay focuses on the analysis of what causes the companies to compromise on their strategic plans. When a company formulates the strategy, first an internal and external environmental analysis has to be carried out. When we are planning for the future first the organization should have awareness about the internal and external environmental factors that can impact the organization. â€Å"When the environment audit is undertaken, the objective is to develop a finite list of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses. Here the word finite list is emphasized because the job of the manager is t not make an exhaustive list of all the factors that may affect the organization. But focus should be on key environmental variables that could influence business†1. The importance of the environmental analysis is mostly realized by organizations but the depth of the analysis is often compromised. For example in Toyota corporation, there is a management concept â€Å"to go to the roots†. The meaning of this concept is that, when we are collecting information for analysis, th e information should be collected from the source or in other words from the origin. When an external environmental analysis is done with information collected from the sources and decisions are made based on such in-depth data, the applicability and durability of strategic plans are considerably increased. The information from the external environment should be used to tune up the internal environment to meet the challenges and make good of the opportunities. When an organization needs to possess a competitive advantage its focus should be internalized rather externalized. The ability of a business concern to focus on its

Evaluate the extent to which the methods of justification employed by Essay

Evaluate the extent to which the methods of justification employed by Kant in his Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals provide models for other theories of justi - Essay Example ) can be achieved only with if based on the observation of the actions from an objective point of view and not a critical one because in this case there is the possibility that certain behaviours could be characterized as hostile to the general social framework, an action which should be avoided – at least at the primary stage of the behavioural analysis. Current paper deals with the identification of any possible element of Kant’s work – particularly the Metaphysics of Morals – which can be used as a substantial theoretical source for the support of other theories of justification. In order to achieve the above task the paper has been divided in three parts. Part One presents the methods of justification used by Kant in Metaphysics of Moral. A general overview is also made regarding the value of Kant’s work for the researchers in the area of moral philosophy. Part Two refers to the theories of justification used by other philosophers, like Rawls and Hare. The idea of utilitarianism is also presented in this part in order to explain the stages of development of moral theory in the history. Finally, Part Three summarizes the views presented in the above two parts in an effort to identify the possible relation between the methods of justification used by Kant and those applied by other theorists in the area of moral philosophy. It is also examined to which level the first ones could be used as models for the second ones. In order to understand the Kant’s perceptions regarding the justification applied in all aspects of human behaviour we should primarily refer to the two fundamental ‘formulae’, which are in fact the theoretical framework on which Metaphysics are based. More specifically, in accordance with Kant the following two formulae can support the interpretations of human behaviour as presented throughout his work: a) the Formula of Universal Law : â€Å"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a

On Berkeley’s Concept of God and Heinous Sins Essay Example for Free

On Berkeley’s Concept of God and Heinous Sins Essay It is a misconstrual in positing that George Berkeley’s axiom that God being the author of ideas is responsible for all heinous crimes. And worst, claiming that such postulate of Berkeley is the loophole in his argument and philosophical treatise is reading his philosophic stance superficially. Relying on a version of the argument from design, Berkeley concluded that our ‘ideas’ are produced in our minds by the will of God acting directly. So God, whom we may safely assume to act (in Berkeleys estimation) in full knowledge of what he is doing, must himself have all the ideas which he generates in human minds, as well as those which he would generate, if the right human acts of will occurred to make them appropriate. And for Berkeley, this would amount to saying that God perceives the whole of physical reality, since physical reality simply is a certain infinitely complex constellation of ideas, and having them before ones consciousness is perceiving it. That would be, in itself, a welcome conclusion, when we perceive the physical world, what we do is just the same as what God does when he perceives it; all that happens in either case is that a mind has certain perceptions, nothing more, and so the human mind can be just as sure of what it perceives as is the divine mind of what it perceives. But it does not necessarily follow that he is the author of evil because as Berkeley defined sin, it is the manifestation of the spirit’s will, meaning it is not something that is innate to the motion of its body or God’s design (Berkeley 1988). Thus when ethical issues or moral conflict arises, it is not necessary to blame for the transpiration of events. For example, the espousal of capital punishment is not authored by God, but it was the product of human will and faculty. The problem is, when humanity cannot explain things, they tend to account it to God. Unfortunately, they forget that there is no necessary connection between cause and effect, and they failed to realize that heinous sins such as adultery, murder and sacrilege are not will of God but of ours.

The Theory of Utilitarianism Essay -- essays research papers fc

THEORY--  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theory of Utilitarianism states that actions should be judged as right or wrong depending on whether they cause more happiness or unhappiness. It weighs the rightness and wrongness of an action based on consequences of that action. PRINCIPLES-- (1) CONSEQUENCE PRINCIPLE: Actions are to be judged right or wrong mainly by their own consequences. Nothing else matters. Right actions are those that have the best consequences. -No act is right in and of it self. -No act is wrong in and of it self. (2) PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY: The only thing that matters is the amount of happiness and unhappiness that is caused. Therefore the right actions are those that produce the highest ratio of happiness over unhappiness. So in judging the consequences only the wants of happiness and pain are relevant morally. (3) PRINCIPLE OF IMPARIALITY: When finding happiness and unhappiness that's caused ones own happiness is to be looked at more important then anyone else's. Every person is equally important as the next when it comes to happiness. Applying the 3 principles of Utilitarianism: (1) Utilitarian can disagree about what is right and wrong yet still be utilitarians. (2) The principle of Impartiality has its limits, so . . . (3) Personality types can be assessed in terms of their utility. EVERYDAY SCENARIO--   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Utilitarian experience's conflict when considering acts of injustice that does harm to others. That this sort of...

National Socialism: The Loss of Individuality Essays -- Essays Papers

National Socialism: The Loss of Individuality National Socialism in Germany between 1933 and 1945 offered no room for individuality. The unification of Germany and the purification of the Arian race did not allow for the citizens in Nazi Germany to have any singularity. The rise of National Socialism was due to many linked motivations, from the disgrace that the Germanys were feeling after their defeat in the First World War, to the racism against the Jews that plagued all of Europe. After World War One Germany was demolished, both economically and agriculturally. Then, under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was charged with sole responsibility for the war, and was forced to pay costly reparations. This all added to the desperation of the country to form a stronger country. Germany would soon be one of the most powerful states in the world. The National Socialist, in their struggle to rebuild their country and its unity, had two goals. First, they promised to rid the state of national disgrace and desperation. This promised to be completed in a brief period of time. The National Socialist of Germany thought that the sooner it could get back on its feet, the sooner it could become the strongest power in the world. The second goal was to get rid of the absolute monarchy. This was so important to the plan for Germany that they were not concerned whether it be done legally or not. (Dulffer 16-17) In The Enabling Act of 1933 Adolf Hitler, the nationalist leader, was granted dictatorial powers, ending the Weimar Republic. This began the dictatorship that would change the course of history. Hitler (for more information click on picture) gave the members of the Nazi party high... ... camps. This illustrates the power that the National Socialist had in keeping individuality restrained for the â€Å"good† of the community. National Socialism between 1933 through 1945 was a breakdown of individualism. The Nazi control of German unified a country, while tearing apart a world. The reasons for the rise of this totalitarian state are vast, but closely linked together. Through the disgrace of the First World War, and the desperateness of Germany to find a scapegoat, millions of lives were taken for the â€Å"common good† of the Aryan race in Germany. Bibliography - Abel, Theodore. Why Hitler Came to Power. London: Hrvard Collage, 1966. - Duffer, Jost. Nazi Germany 1933-1945 Faith and Annihilation. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. - Mosse, George L. The Crisis of German Ideology. New York: The University Library, 1964.

Celta †Focus on the Learner Essay

The first part of the assignment focuses on the general overview of Entry 1 group who are majority females of South-Asian origin; also a Chinese, African & Arab learners are also enrolled in class. Learners of this group are housewives with little or no previous education background. They would have learnt Urdu or Gujarati in their country. The ages range between 24 and 45. The majority of learner’s first language speaks Gujarati or Punjabi. They have been learning English between 1-3 years & some less than a year and they all enjoy learning English. Most learners are married housewives and have children. They are motivated as they have children and would like to keep pace communicating and helping their children with English. Some also would like to find work. They also like to learn English so they can communicate with doctors, school staff and general everyday life. They like watching TV, Reading and using Computers. From the observation they like listening to the teacher and prefer to learn from pictures, visuals, gestures etc. They prefer the kinaesthetic type of teaching by listening to audio, matching sentences and also interpersonal skills by working in pairs and groups. However as Adults on the whole tend to be more disciplined, the South Asian learners are very well disciplined, listen and are motivated to learn. However they may struggle to learn coming from the cultural background and education experience. â€Å"The traditional Eastern respect for the teacher and for the written word is still a prominent characteristic of learners from India and the neighbouring countries†[1] Due to the culture, there education is more emphasis on discipline and written work. This may be the reason why learners are shy to speak and difficult for teachers to elicit from learners. Part Two From observation during class learners find some difficulty in reading and writing as the majority of learners come from South Asia, where they do not share the Roman transcript; unlike learners from Poland who would pick up the letters of the Alphabet as they share the Roman transcript. They may read out words, however due to not being confident; words may not sound as clear as they could be. They struggle writing in a straight line and also missing out capital letters when writing names of people etc. The group are good at listening to audio exercises and enjoy this type of task as most learners achieve the correct answer. They South-Asian learners struggle a little with their writing skills because of influence of spelling on pronunciation. â€Å"South-Asian scripts are for the most part phonetic, so that spelling is largely an accurate guide to pronunciation. Learners’ pronunciation of English words is consequently over-faithful to the written forms†[2] One of the features of South Asian language accent can be recognised by: â€Å"Tenser articulation than in English, with vowels produced further forward, leading to the loss of some distinctions between different vowels†[3] We observe this in words like Tom; consonants /t/ and /d/ are pronounced heavier. I have also observed the form can/can’t whilst doing my TP. Learners struggle pronouncing both words with the weak form and can’t (stressed) /ka:nt/ with an open mouth; this could have a completely opposite meaning to their answer. They need to respond and get them to elicit more during class. Grammar has also been a weakness as learners struggle with word order and the (ing) form. I have noticed their use of Present simple/continuous. They seem to use the (ing) from the opposite way. I.e. Learners will say or write ‘I am eat’ instead of ‘I am eating’. The South Asian Grammar will have some similarities with English Grammar. â€Å"The ‘parts of speech’ of English and Hindi are broadly similar†[4] There are other differences which will cause problems for our learners. â€Å"has no word class corresponding to the English articles, prefers postpositions placed after a noun or pronoun to prepositions and has its normal word order one in which the verb is placed finally in a sentence†[5] â€Å"With stative verbs rarely used in progressive forms, the present progressive may be used inappropriately by analogy with Hindi simple present, formed with the present participle and present auxiliary: We are not understanding what she means. (for We don’t understand what she means.) The present progressive Hindi is used to say how long a present state of affairs has been going on: How long are you living in England?†[6] Part Three I have identified 2 areas of weaknesses, Grammar and Pronunciation. Grammar activity I have chosen the Grammar activity from ‘‘Language in Use’ by Adrian Doff & Christopher Jones, CUP, Unit 11, pg 48 & 50. (see attached) I would use the attached activity on ‘What’s going on’ for learners to practice with Present simple/continuous (ing) form. This activity is useful as learners omit the (ing) form when speaking and writing. This is due to word order with South Asian language as they tend to omit the ing after the verb. This would be introduced at the start of the lesson with pictures on the whiteboard and elicit what they are doing. They can then think of an action and write on paper. They would then learn how to make the ing form by using basic rule of adding ing to verbs and verbs ending in e; removing (e) etc. They will then complete the exercise on pg 50. Rationale This exercise would be useful as learners all understand the simple verbs and have come across before. This activity is good as it’s simple and clear with visuals; there is also a listening activity which will help learners understand more. I will give explanation on this topic followed by exercises using speaking and listening, which should address this weakness. Pronunciation activity I have chosen the following activity from ‘Language in Use’ by Adrian Doff & Christopher Jones, CUP, pg 81-82. (see attached). I have identified the use of can/can’t in simple sentences. Learners do not stress enough to differentiate between the two; they need to pronounce can’t /ka:nt/ (stressed) with an open mouth this is very important as they don’t convey the wrong meaning of what is being said. This will require a lot of practice listening, speaking and eliciting more from learners during lesson. Rationale The exercise I have chosen is about a woman and what she can/can’t do. Learners will listen to the pronunciation of can/can’t and observe the difference carefully. I would also ask learners to look and observe at the mouth opening more and explain the long vowel in /ka:nt/. Learners are explained the stress and the open r in /ka:nt/. There will be lots of drilling chorally and individually. This would be done mid-way through the lesson after introducing the Grammar and listening to audio. Learners have understood the weak form and open r in /ka:nt/ but have little practice pronouncing the stress form. More listening, drilling and getting learners to speak in pairs and in class should address this problem.